
aass_5.XIj2>1"7 
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HZdNOMit Stfl^VEY 



JEPH HYDE PRATT, Staie Gsoloyi.st 



BULLETIN No. 24 



IBLOl 



[ORTH CAROLINA PINE 



W, W. ASHE 

F'oiiist InspoctC".-. L' 5. F'c.r--^t S'.iv;.,. e 
'and formet Forester ot ilio North C.irJ'ilnn Geol, iilcc'.l .md fconouiic .'r'nivi^y 



Prepared In Co-operation with tlLi- 

Forest Service, United States Deportment of A^riculturcf 

HENRY 5. GSAVE5, Forester 




EiiWASDg A BBOtraHT 
Staoti P; 




N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE I. 




Frontisi'IECE. Group of loblolly pines two liun<lred years old growing with hardwoods on 

Quality I. Such trees yield 55 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of 

lumber. The hardwoods have been cut out. 



/ 



NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND 
ECONOMIC SURVEY 

JOSEPH HYDE PRATT. State Geologist 




BULLETIN No. 24 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE 

wr w/ashe 

Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service 
(and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey) 



Prepared In Co-operation with the 

Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester 




RALEIGH 

Edwards & Broughton Printing Company 

State Printers and Binders 

1915 



i 






GEOLOGICAL BOARD 

Governor Locke'Craig, ex officio chairman Raleigh. 

Frank R. Hewitt Asheville. 

Hugh MacRae Wilmington. 

Kenry E. Fries Winston-Salem. 

W. H. V/illiamson Raleigh. 

Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist Chapel Hill. 



0. of D, 

AN 8 1916 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



Chapel Hill, K". C, October 1, 1914. 

To His Excellency, Hon. Locke Craig, 

Governor of North Carolina. 

» 

Sir : — There has recently been prepared for the Xorth Carolina 
Geological and Economic Sur^^ey a report on the Loblolly or ISTorth 
Carolina Pine by Mr. W. W. Ashe. It is for the use of landowners 
and lumbermen alike and is designed to meet the needs of all our peo- 
ple who are in any way interested in timber. 

I submit this report for publication as Bulletin 24 of the bulletin 
series of the Sui'vey. Yours respectfully, 

Joseph Hyde Pratt, 

State Geologist. 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Preface 



XV 

The Tree and how to identify it 1 

Common names 1 

Distinguishing botanical characteristics 2 

Economic status of loblolly pine 4 

Physiography of Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau regions 8 

Coastal Plain region g 

Piedmont Plateau region 9 

Commercial distribution 9 

Original forest 10 

Present forest 12 

Associated species 13 

Forest types 14 

Old field growth on dry sites 17 

Loblolly pine in pure stands on porous loams and peaty soils 19 

Loblolly pine on longleaf pine fiat lands 21 

Loblolly pine with hardwoods in swamps chiefly in Coastal Plain... 22 

Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas 24 

Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps 25 

Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests on the Pied- 
mont uplands 26 

Forest characteristics 26 

Form 26 

Stem 26 

Crown 33 

Root system 38 

Bark 40 

Longevity and size 41 

Silvical requirements 41 

Climate 41 

Soil and moisture 41 

Light 42 

Reproduction 44 

Seeding 44 

Germination and plant establishment 45 

Fungus diseases and insects ; 46 

Sensitiveness to fire 47 

Cattle and hogs 4g 

Sleet and snow 49 

Wind-firmness 49 

Wood and its uses 49 

Qualities 49 

Defects 50 

Uses 52 



Vi CONTENTS. 

Page 

Commercial use for turpentine 53 

Growth 54 

Quality, class 1 54 

Quality, class II 56 

Quality, elass III 56 

Old field stands 57 

Determination of Quality Sites 57 

Growth in height 58 

Growth in diameter 63 

Growth in volume 66 

Cubic feet 66 

Board feet 66 

Volume tables 72 

Yield of pure even-aged stands 87 

In cubic feet and cords 88 

In board feet 90 

Graded volume tables 98 

Grading of logs 98 

Grade 1 98 

Grade 2 98 

Grade 3 99 

Grade 4 99 

Grade 5 99 

Red heart logs 99 

Grading of lumber 100 

No. 1 grade 100 

No. 2 grade 100 

No. 3 grade 100 

No. 4 grade 100 

No. 5 grade 100 

Firm redheart 101 

Bark strips 101 

Increase in value of trees 119 

Density of stand 128 

Quality site 128 

Rate of growth and age of stand 128 

Management 134 

Most profitable age and size at which to cut 135 

Mixed stands 135 

Pure even-aged stands for saw timber 136 

Pure even-aged stands for cordwood 140 

Open pure uneven-aged stands 142 

Increasing the revenue from timber land 143 

Reducing waste in logging 143 

Rules to govern logging 146 

Increase in cost of handling small timber 146 

Relative value of trees for different uses 147 

Silvicultural systems of cutting in different types 148 

(1) Upland old field 149 

(2) Permanent of "natural" loblolly pine type 151 



COiVTEXTS. Vll 

Silvicultural systems of cutting — Continued: Page 

(3) Longleaf pine flat lands 154 

(4) Mixed with liardwoods in flat swamps 154 

(5) Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps 155 

(6) Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas 156 

(7) Loblolly pine with shortleaf pine and hardwoods on uplands 156 
Protection from fires 157 

Brush lopping 158 

Thinnings 159 

Artificial restocking 166 

Gathering of seed 166 

Seedbeds 166 

Planting 167 

Direct seeding 167 

Broadcast sowing 168 

Seed spot sowing 168 

Advisability of loblolly pine planting 168 



LIST OF TABLES 



Table Page 

1. Forest types of Eastern North Carolina 14 

2. Composition of loblolly pine stands on upland old fields 18 

3. Composition of loblolly pine stands on peaty soil 20 

4. Composition of loblolly pine stands on longleaf pine-flat land 21 

5. Composition of loblolly pine with hardwoods 23 

6. Composition of loblolly pine with pocoson pine 25 

7. Yield of different ages in board feet per linear foot of stem 27 

8. Butt taper measurements 28 

9. Taper measurements of stems — age less than 75 years 29 

9a. Taper measurements of stems — age more than 75 years 34 

10. Thickness of bark at breast high for trees of different diameters and 

heights 40 

11. Thickness of bark on stump 41 

12. Effect of fire on diameter growth 48 

13. Growth in height of trees in crown classes on quality sites 59 

14. Growth in height on different sites 61 

15. Relation between total height and diameter on quality sites 62 

16. Growth in diameter on quality sites , 64 

17. Relation between breast high diameter and stump diameter 65 

18. Growth in diameter of trees on different sites 66 

19. Growth of average tree in height, diameter, and volume 67 

20. Growth in cubic volume on different sites ' 68 

21. Growth in volume, board feet on quality sites 69 

22. Growth in volume, board feet on different sites 71 

23. Volume of logs in board feet and cubic feet and mill factor 74 

23a. Log rule for loblolly pine 76 

24. Volume of trees, band sawed, under 75 years 77 

25. Volume of trees, band sawed, over 75 years 78 

26. Volume of trees, circular sawed, under 75 years 79 

27. Volume of trees, circular sawed, over 75 years 80 

28. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, under 75 years 81 

29. Volume of trees scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, over 75 years 81 

30. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, under 75 years. . 82 
30a. Volume of trees scaled by Scribner Decimal C rule, over 75 years. . . 82 

31. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, under 75 years 83 

31a. Volume of trees scaled by Tiemann rule, over 75 years 83 

32. Number of logs in trees of different diameters and heights 84 

33. Volume in cubic feet of merchantable stem wood, less than 75 years. 86 

34. Volume of trees in cubic feet and cords, per cent of bark and number 

of trees to a cord 87 

35. Yield per acre in cubic feet to 3 inches, including tops and stumps. . . 89 

36. Yield per acre in cubic feet to 6 inches, including tops and stumps. . . 90 

37. Yield per acre cubic feet and cords without stumps and tops 91 

38. Yield per acre to 6 inches, band sawed 92 

39. Yield per acre to 6 inches, circular sawed 93 

40. Yield per acre, Doyle-Scribner rule 93 



list of tables. ix 

Table Page 

41. Yield per acre to 9 inches, band sawed 94 

41a. Yield per acre to 11 inches, band sawed 94 

42. Number of trees per acre, 6 inches and over 95 

43. Number of trees per acre, 9 inches and over 96 

44. Number of trees per acre, 11 inches and over 97 

45. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs 101 

46. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs 102 

47. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs 103 

48. Per cent of different grades of lumber sawed from gi-ade 4 logs 104 

49. Per cent of different grades lumber sawed from red heart logs 105 

50. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 1 logs 106 

51. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 2 logs 107 

52. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 3 logs 108 

53. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from grade 4 logs 109 

54. Amounts and values of lumber sawed from red heart logs 110 

55. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs, 

45 year old stand 113 

55o. Amounts and per cents of grades cut from butt, second and top logs, 

65 year old stand 115 

56. Per cent of grades of lumber in trees of different diameters — age 

class 40 to 50 117 

57. Per cent of gfades of lumber in trees of different diameters — age 

class 60 to 70 118 

58. Value of lumber sawed from logs of different diameters 121 

59. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality 1 122 

60. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality II 123 

61. Stumpage value of trees, 45 year old stand, quality III 124 

62. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality 1 125 

63. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality II 126 

64. Stumpage value of trees, 65 year old stand, quality III 127 

65. Value per 1,000 board feet of lumber from stands at different ages. . . 129 

66. Value per 1,000 board feet of stumpage in stands of different ages. . . 130 

67. Stumpage value per cubic foot of wood in trees 131 

68. Increase in stumpage prices and in utilization since 1891 133 

69. Per cent of increase in value of dominant and intermediate trees. . . . 136 

70. Value of fully stocked stands, scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule 138 

71. Value of fully stock stands, basis of mill cut 139 

72. Cost of growing cordwood 140 

73. Time required for trees to grow one inch in diameter 141 

74. Crown sjace in per cent of acre required for growth of trees of 

different sizes 143 

75. Value of lumber in stumps 144 

76. Increase in cost of manufacturing lumber with decrease in size of log 147 

77. Comparative value of trees of different sizes 148 

78. Area of crown space and index of tolerance 162 

79. Yield of thinned stands and yield of thinnings 164 

80. Cost per 1,000 board feet of growing loblolly pine 169 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Facing 
Plate Page 

I. Group of loblolly pines 200 years old growing with hardwoods 
ou Quality I. Such trees yield 55 per cent of No. 1 and No. 
2 grades of lumber. The hardwoods have been cut out. 

Fro7itispiece 

II. Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones 
open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, and small 
cones which will develop next season just below the termi- 
nal bud. Two-fifths natural size. (Author's illustration.) 2 

III. Stand of loblolly pine about 12 years old on dry sandy soil in 

old field. Stand is too open. The stems consequently are 
short and crooked, set with many branches, and the wood 
is knotty. An undesirable condition due to open stocking 
on dry soil. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 18 

IV. Dense stand of pure loblolly pine, 5 to 8 years old. Desirable 

condition insuring long straight stems which are well 

cleaned of branches. (Author's illustration.) 20 

V. A. Characteristic stand of loblolly and pocoson pine on sa- 
vanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are typical. 
Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 

grades of lumber. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 22 

B. Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in 

center; old pine on left. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 

VI. A. Groups of loblolly pine poles with old longleaf pine which 

it is replacing on grassy flat lands. (Photo. U. S. Forest 

Service. ) 24 

B. Cut-over loblolly pine land showing the undesirable char- 
acter of the seed trees which are left by the present 
method of cutting. (Photo, by J. S. Holmes.) 
VII. Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortleaf pine. Three log 
tree 80 years old cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 

grades of lumber. (Photo. N. C. Geological Survey.) 26 

VIII. A. Good example of heavy culling as practiced 15 to 20 years 
ago. The large number of intermediate and suppressed 
trees which were left have now formed a basis for a re- 
munerative second cutting. Pine reestablishment fair 

but intermixed with oaks. (Author's illustration.) 44 

B. and C. Types of recently cut loblolly pine forest, 5 or 6 
years after cutting; quality II, age about 70 years. Dense 
pine restocking, young stand being from 6 to 10 feet 
high. Undesirable class of seed trees and no possibility 
of a remunerative second cutting. (Author's illustra- 
tions.) 44 



list of illusteatio^'s, xi 

Pacixg 
Plate Page 

IX. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood 50 

A. Type of wood from lower part of stem in old-field stand. 

The coarse grained center indicates large knots. This 
tree became codominant or intermediate when about 3 
inches on the radius. The diameter growth was slow 
on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of 
branches. It was Isolated by thinning when ZVa inches 
on the radius. The stem at that time resembled that of 
one of the isolated trees shown on Plate XVI. As a result 
of this thinning the growth during the past ten years has 
been at the rate of one inch in diameter every three 
years. "While the wood formed since thinning is coarse 
grained, it is clear and free from knots. The large 
amount of hard summerwood is characteristic for flat- 
woods soils. (Author's illustration.) 

B. Characteristic wood from lower logs of trees in mixed 

stands, medium fine and even grained. The crown of 
this tree overtopped the hardwoods when it was about 60 
years old (at 3.3 inches on the radius). Since this 
period the diameter growth has been at the rate of one 
inch every four years (7^ rings to the inch of radius). 
This stem is practically free of knots for 60 feet and the 
wood is of high quality. Nearly the same result can be 
obtained by the method of cutting which is recommended 
for the best sites which seeks to develop the codominant 
and intermediate trees to form the mature stand, and by 
gradual cutting eventually to develop the best of the sup- 
pressed trees. (Author's illustration.) 

X. Types of Loblolly Pine Wood 50 

A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of 

rapidly growing tree. The relatively small amount of 
hard summerwood in this portion of the stem is .typical. 
(Author's illustration.) 

B. Wood from tree growing on very wet soil showing charac- 

teristic irregularity of grain. (Author's illustration.) 
XI. Fully stocked stand 35 years old. Quality II, in old field on 
upland of good quality following oak, hickory and short- 
leaf pine. The density is good; the growth, however, 
is beginning to decline and the stand would be much bene- 
fited by a thinning. (Author's illustration.) 56 

XII. Logs of Different Grades 98 

A. Logs chiefly of Grades 3 and 4, diameters 5 to 16 inches. 

These are the prevailing grades and sizes now coming to 
the mills. Average log about 38 feet, D.-S. (Author's 
illustration.) 

B. Logs chiefly of Grades 2 and 3, diameters 10 to 24 inches. 

These are the prevailing grades and sizes which were 
cut by the mills between 1895 and 1910. Average log 



vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Facing 
Plate Page 

about 90 feet, D.-S. The small size of the heartwood is 
noteworthy. (Author's illustration.) 
C. Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to 36 inches. 
1 hese were the prevailing grades and sizes which were 
sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S. 

XIII. Typical boards of important grades of North Carolina pine 

lumber 12 feet long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; 
E and P are rough. (Photographs made under direction 
of author.) 100 

A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine- 

grained heart tree of the quality known as "slash pine." 
A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of 
the board. 

B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small 

pin knot and a narrow pitch streak in the upper one-half 
of the board. Board from an old growth, fine grained 
tree, very largely heartwood. 

C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch 

pocket in the lower one-fourth, two pin knots near the 
middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper 
end of the board, and a sliver in the coarse, flat grain 
of its center. Board is from a second growth forest 
tree, coarse grained in the center and medium grained 
on the edges. Two-thirds of surface sapwood. 

D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and 

coarse grained. This board is from a rapid growth tree 
of the old-field type and is all sapwood except a narrow 
ribbon of heart down the center. 

E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This 

board would have graded as a No. 3 but for the red heart 
which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood. 

F. Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper 

right-hand edge of the strip; the bark has been trimmed 
from the lower portion of the piece. 

XIV. Stand fifty to sixty years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly 

pine site, which was culled of the dominant trees fifteen years 
ago. This stand, consequently, is formed of the intermediate 
and suppressed trees of the original stand which accounts 
for the very clean and slender stems. Under a better method 
of cutting, this stand would have produced at this time 
35,000 board feet to the acre, the average log being 45 feet 
D.-S., and yielding more than 60 per cent No. 3 grade lumber 
and better. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Au- 
thor's illustration. ) 136 

XV. Unthinned stand 80 years old. Quality II, on permanent loblolly 
pine site, in process of lumbering. Although of good size, the 
upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have 
been benefited by the removal of the dominant trees 25 to 30 



Plate 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Xlll 

Facixg 
Page 



years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet D.-S. Such a 
stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and 
No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees marked "S." (Author's 

illustration.) 1^^ 

XVI. Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The 
large knots on the dominant trees are noteworthy. Trees to 
be removed in first improvement thinning marked "X." (Au- 
thor's illustration.) 1^8 

XVII. Stand shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and 
improvement thinning. Most of the knotty dominant trees 
have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender, 
clean-stemmed codominant and intermediate trees. These, 
with increased diameters, will yield from 3 to 31/0 nearly 
clear logs, which will saw out approximately the same type 
of wood as that shown in Plate IX-B. More than 3,000 feet 
D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this cutting. 
The average log, however, scaled less than 12 feet. (Au- 
thor's illustration.) 1-18 

XVIII. Fire Protection. Surface fire in pine forest stopped by plowing 

two double furrows 156 

XIX. Unused top containing a sound 16-foot log, 10 inches in diame- 
ter at large and 5 inches at small end, but yielding only cull 
lumber on account of large knots. Such a top is forming a 
serious fire menace. (Author's illustration.) 156 

XX. A loblolly pine stand. Quality II, cut to a 12-inch diameter, a 

large number of slender, clean-stemmed, intermediate trees 
being uncut. Characteristic condition in which such a stand 
was left after it was logged by means of wheels in the decade 
preceding 1905. Compare Plates VI-B and VIII. The lum- 
ber from these small trees at the date of the cutting would 
have had a Norfolk value of $13.60 per M, with a high cost 
of operation on account of the small size of the logs, less 
than 15 feet b. m. Doyle-Scribner, and a stumpage value of 
only a few cents per M. After holding 15 years these trees 
have a stumpage value of about $2.40 per M, while the aver- 
age log scales between 40 and 50 board feet. This is an 
increase in value of practically 1,000 per cent. (Photo. U. 
S. Forest Service. ) 1^^ 

XXI. Condition in which loblolly pine and hardwood swamp forest 

was left after being logged by steam skidder in the manner 
of cutting which prevailed to 1905. In the present opera- 
tions cutting is closer and less small timber is left. Note 
the large amount of inflammable slash. (Photo. U. S. 

Forest Service. ) ^^^ 

XXII. Open mature stand of loblolly pine. Quality II. Establishment 
of pine seedlings prevented by fires. Heavy underwood of 
oak and other broadleaf trees growing beneath the pine, but 
periodically top killed by fire. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 



xiv LIST OF ILLCSTRATIONS. 

Facing 
Plate Page 

XXIII. Stand similar to that in Plate XXII but unburned for 15 years. 

Tendency of scrubby hardwoods to replace pine. Note un- 
necessarily high stumps; and old fire scar on butt of log on 
right. (Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 156 

XXIV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality I stand, 70 years old. 

Its density is noteworthy. (Author's illustration.) 158 

XXV. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine. Quality III stand in old field, 
age 50 years. The complete isolation of the crowns is char- 
acteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to establish 
themselves under such a canopy. (Author's illustration.) .. . 158 
XXVI. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowais 
well developed and symmetrical. Excellent condition for 

rapid individual growth. (Author's illustration.) 160 

XXVII. Crown cover of Loblolly Pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns 
small but stems clean. Stand crowded, in urgent need of 
thinning to develop large crowns. (Author's illustration.) . . 160 



TEXT FIGURES 



Fig. Page 

1. Distribution of loblolly pine and shortleaf pine in the Southern 

States. (Compiled by author.) 5 

2. Distribution of loblolly pine in North Carolina. (Prepared by 

author. ) 11 

0. and b. Roots of mature loblolly pines on upland clays. (From 

Photo, by author. ) 39 

c. Two-year old loblolly pine seedling. (From Photo, by author.) ... 39 
4a. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. (Adapted 

from Photo, by J. S. Holmes.) 39 

&. Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils. 

Small deep seated roots extending to water table. (Adapted by 

author from Photo by Von Schrenk.) 39 

0. Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep seated roots, but a 

great mass of shallow roots. (From sketch made from nature.) 39 
5. Relation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water 

table in soils of different texture. (Author's illustration.) 56 



PREFACE 



The loblolly or Xortli Carolina pine is by far the most important tree 
now being cut for lumber in iSTorth Carolina. While distributed over 
only the eastern half of the state, yet this tree furnishes more than half 
of the annual lumber cut of the whole state. Most of the lands which 
many years ago were denuded of longleaf pine by the turpentine opera- 
tors and the lumbermen and then deA'astated by fires and hogs, later 
came up to loblolly pine and now 50 to 100 years later are furnishing 
another and a more lemunerative crop of timber. 

Loblolly combines all the essentials for an ideal forest management 
tree. It seeds profusely and regenerates readily, is adapted to nearly 
all types of soil, grows rapidly, becomes marketable at an early age, 
grows densely, making large yields per acre, and produces material for 
Avhich there is a general demand at a fair and increasing price. 

The study of the loblolly or ^N'orth Carolina pine in eastern ISTorth 
Carolina, which formed the basis of this report, was made jointly by 
the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and 
the Xorth Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. The first field 
work was begun in 1898 and the entire study completed in 1913. 

The growth and volume figures apply only to eastern Xorth Carolina. 
The mill studies were made in Gates, Wayne, Beaufort, and Pitt 
counties; and the sample plots and stem analyses were made in twelve 
additional counties : Chatham, Xash, Northampton, Washington, Bertie, 
Craven, Hyde, Harnett, Johnston, Wake, Pender, Lenoir, and Onslow. 

A considerable part of the original field data was collected under the 
immediate direction of the author by H. S. Curran and E. A. Cahoon 
of the !N"orth Carolina Geological Survey, and A. K. Mlodziansky, of the 
United States Forest Service. Some of the mill cut data were collected 
by ]\[essrs. J. S. Holmes, Forester of the Xorth Carolina Geological and 
Economic Sun^ey, and W. D. Sterrett, of the Forest Service. In the 
process of the study many courtesies were extended by the Hines Bros. 
Lumber Company of Kinston, X. C, Short Lumber Company of Wash- 
ington, D. C, and Lyon & Dennis of Suffolk, Va., while infonnation in 
I'egard to prices of certain grades at different periods was furnished by 
Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary of the Xorth Carolina Pine Association. 

This bulletin takes up the growth and proper forest management of 
loblolly pine in Xorth Carolina. It deals with the occurrence and 
silvical requirements of the tree, its growth in height, diameter and 
volume on different soils and situations, and the yields which can be 
obtained under varying conditions. The amount of lumber of different 
grades which can be cut from timber of different ages and qualities is 
also shown in tabular form. 



PREFACE. 



Under forest management is taken up the determination of the best 
age at Avhich to cut for saw timber or cordwood, in order to utilize most 
profitably the forest crop. The best methods of cutting in order that 
the forests may be perpetuated is discussed for the different types. Pro- 
tection from fire, especially for the young growth, is advocated and the 
advisability of artificial restocking by seeding or planting is considered. 

This report has been prepared for the use of landowners and lumber- 
men alike, and is designated to meet the needs of all of our people who 
are in any way interested in timber, but especially those in the eastern 
half of North Carolina. 

Two bulletins previously issued by the United States Department of 
Agriculture treat of this tree along somewhat different lines and will 
be found helpful to read in connection with this report. "The Loblolly 
Pine in Eastern Texas, With Special Eeference to the Production of 
Cross-ties," by Raphael Zon, Forest Service Bulletin 64, was publishe.l 
in 1905; while 'Torest Management of Loblolly Pine in Delaware, 
Maryland, and Virginia," by W. D. Sterrett,. Bulletin of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, No. 11 (new series), has only recently 
been published. The present report should have been issued at the 
same time, but the delay in publishing this has been much greater than 
was anticipated. Joseph Hyde Pratt, 

State Geologist. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE 

(Pinus taeda, Linnaus) 
ITS GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT 



By W. W. ASHE 



THE TREE AND ITS IDENTIFICATION. 

The loblolly or ISTorth Carolina pine grows under many diverse con- 
ditions which affect its form, size, and the character of its wood, and in 
consequence it is known by many names. The general use of the name 
"I^orth Carolina pine" for the lumber cut from the tree commonly known 
as "shortleaf pine" through the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina 
Avould seem sufficient excuse for adopting the use of one or both these 
names in this report. 

The former name is used on the title page in order to clearly identify 
the tree, but its general acceptance is not recommended. This name is 
applied only to a very limited extent to the tree itself, while the name 
"loblolly pine," though not often used locally in the Carolinas or Vir- 
ginia, either for the tree or its lumber, has a wide and ever-extending use, 
not only by foresters but by readers of the lumber journals and the public 
generally. For this reason and because it is the only name which is 
applied exclusively to this tree, the name loblolly is used throughout the 
body of this report, notwithstanding the strong arguments for continuing 
the local name of "shortleaf pine — of the coast," or adopting the lumber 
trade name of "Xorth Carolina pine." 

OTHER COMMON NAMES. 

Shorthaf pine and Short straw pine, names usually applied to the 
growing tree in eastern K'orth Carolina and farther south, are used to 
distinguish loblolly from longleaf pine. In the middle portion of Worth 
Carolina and in the hill section of the states farther south, the name 
shortleaf pine is applied to a different tree (P. echinata). This tree, 
however, occurs sparingly in the Coastal Plain, where it is known 
either as spruce pine or rosemaiy pine. In the former region Avhere the 
loblolly pine occurs it is sometimes called "longleaf" pine. 

OJd-fieJd pine, a name applied to young gi-owth of loblolly pine on 
land once under cultivation in eastern Xorth Carolina and southward. 

Slash pine, a name common in Virginia, the Carolinas, and farther 
south, refers to large trees with thick heartwood which occur in swamps 
in mixture with hardwoods. 

Bosemary pine, a name infrequently applied to large trees growing 
with hardwoods in swamps; more generally used in the Coastal Plain 
1 



2 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

to designate large trees of Piyiiis echinata, the common sliortleaf pine 
of the Piedmont Region. 

Sivamp pine, a very common name for loblolly pine growing in 
swamps. 

Sap pine and hJach-harl: pine are names applied by lumbermen to 
young growth possessing these characteristics. The latter name is ap- 
plied more frequently to pocoson pine. 

On the eastern shores of Maryland, in southeastern Virginia, and in 
Piedmont JN'orth Carolina, where associated with shortleaf, scrub and 
other pines having much shorter leaves, loblolly pine in some places is 
known as longJeaf or foxtail pine. 

Botanically the tree is known as Finns taeda, L., an inappropriate 
term so far as the specific designation is concerned, as taeda means torch. 
The torch or lightwood pine is the longieaf pine. The latter furnishes 
the wood for light, its brands until recently being the chief source of 
light at night in thousands of homes in the Coastal Plain of the southern 
states. 

DISTINGUISHING BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 

There are three pines which are intimately associated -with the loblolly 
pine in different portions of the Coastal Plain region, and as two of 
them are apt to be confused with it, the folloAving characteristics will 
be found of assistance in separating them : 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECOXOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE IL 




sh e s 



Branchlet of loblolly or North Carolina pine with old cones open after the dispersal of seed in early winter, 

and small cones which will develop next season, just below the terminal bud. 

Two-fifths natural size. (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOBLOLLY AND ASSOCIATED PINES OF 
EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 





Bark and 










Branches of Ma- 


Leaves 


Cones 


Soil Preference 




ture Trees 








Loblolly Pine 


Bark on large trees 


Leaves in 3s, 


Cones oblong. 


Grows nearly ev- 


Shortleaf Pine (of the 


generally more 


3 to 7 inches 


3 to 6 inches long. 


erywhere, except 


Coast.) 


than one inch 


long. 


opening soon 


on the wettest 


North Carolina Pine 


thick at stump; 




after maturing 


sandy and peaty 


(Pinus taeda). 


bright red brown, 




and falling from 


soils and on sand 




broken into large 




the tree. 


hills. 




oblong plates; 










branches ascend- 










ing except on 










large trees. 








Pocoson Pine 


Bark on large 


Leaves in 3s, 


Cones oval, 


Wet, sandy soils. 


Pond pine 


trees seldom one 


3 to 5 inches 


pointed, 2 to 4 


black peaty or 


Black bark pine 


inch thick at 


long. 


inches long; sel- 


muck lands. 


(Pinus serotina). 


stump; dark 
brown, broken 
into square or 
roundish plates; 
branches nearly 
horizontal. 




dom opening, 
persistent on the 
tree. 




Longleaf pine 


Bark thin and 


Leaves in 3s, 


Cones 5 to 7 inches 


Sandhills and 


Pitch pine 


scaly, not ar- 


5 to 9 inches 


long, opening at 


sandy or clayey 


(Pinus palustris.) 


ranged in plates. 


long. 


maturity and at 


soils that are 




bright, red-brown 




once falling from 
the tree. 


not too wet. 



Shortleaf pine 


Bark broken into 


Leaves usually Cones about 2 


Well drained. 


Spruce pine 


oblong plates; 


in 2s, 2 to 4 


inches long. 


loamy, clayey or 


Rosemary pine 


light red-brown, 


inches long. 


opening at ma- 


gravelly uplands. 


(Pinus echinata). 


somewhat scaly; 
branches ascend- 
ing except in old 
trees. 




turity, persistent 
on the tree. 





Very young trees and seedlings of the pocoson pine when growing in 
dense stands in mixture with loblolly pine are not easily distinguished 
from the latter, as the crowding tends to cause the branches of both 
species to ascend and the bark of the young pines is dark and furrowed. 
The two pines, however, are very distinct; the pocoson pine is inferior 
in every respect to the loblolly pine. This is generally recognized by the 
lumbermen who know that the pocoson or black-bark pine, especially in 
large stocks, is apt to be defective ; either very knotty, rotten or with 
redheart. The pocoson pine is found associated with the loblolly pine 



4 LOBLOLLY OR ^'ORTI^ CAKOLIXA PINE. 

on savannas and on all wet, sandy, coarse-grained soils, particularly 
below an elevation of 100 feet above sea level. 

The sliortleaf pine occurs with the loblolly pine, chiefly on Avell- 
drained, loamy, gravelly or clayey uplands. In the coastal plain they 
are most frequently associated north of the ]^euse River, but are seldom 
found together to the southward, exeef)t on hills along streams. They 
are found together on the oak uplands of the eastern portion of the 
Piedmont plateau region on well-drained, loamy or gravelh^ knolls and 
hills, where the shortleaf pine is the remnant of the old forest and the 
loblolly pine forms a portion of the second growth. Only in a few local- 
ities are all four pines found growing together. iN'ear the coast the 
loblolly, pocoson, and longleaf pines are sometimes associated on sandy 
hummocks; the wettest places, however, are as a rule occupied by the 
pocoson pine; the pocoson and the loblolly pines are associated on 
savannas and slightly drier knolls; on better drained soils the long- 
leaf replaces the pocoson pine in the mixture and on thoroughly drained 
soils only the longleaf pine is found. 

ECONOMIC STATUS OF LOBLOLLY PI>E. 

Loblolly pine is the most important timber tree in southeastern Vir- 
ginia, in eastern j>J'orth Carolina, and in northeastern South Carolina 
north of GeorgetOT\Ta ; while to the south of Georgetown not only in 
South Carolina but in Georgia and westward in the Gulf States its im- 
portance is yearly increasing with the decrease in the supply of longleaf 
pine. (See Map, Fig. 1.) Its value and its importance as a commercial 
tree are best indicated by the extent of the lumber industry which is 
dependent upon it and by the annual output of ISTorth Carolina pine 
lumber in southeastern Virginia, in iSTorth Carolina and in the adjacent 
portion of South Carolina. While no attempt is made in the census 
figures to separate the cuts of the various pines which are sawed in this 
region, all of them being grouped under the head of yelloAV pine, it is 
possible to approximate closely the cut of loblolly pine. The lumber cut 
of certain counties is entirely from loblolly pine (the shortleaf pine of 
the coast) and that of other counties is very largely from this species. 
In southeastern Virginia the cut of pine in 1912 in nine counties whi^h 
are within the loblolly pine belt was 397,344,000 bd. ft. In N"orth Caro- 
lina the cut of pine in 40 coastal plain pine counties was 1,079,061,000 
bd. ft. In South Carolina in 15 counties the cut north of Georgetown 
was 548,138,000 bd. ft. A small amount of the pine cut in these nine 
counties in southeastern Virginia is from the shortleaf pine (of the 
Piedmont) ; in North Carolina small amounts of the pine cut in the 
coastal plain are from the shortleaf pine and from the longleaf or 
pitch pine; in South Carolina probably less than 10 per cent of the 
pine cut of the counties north of Georgetown is at present from long- 



LOBLOLLY OK A^ORTH CAROLINA PINE. 




6 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



leaf pine. The cut bj counties for nine counties* in Virginia south of 
the James River is as follows : ^^^^^ ^^^^ 

Isle of Wight 12,500,000 

Norfolk 100,683,000 

Nansemond 62,726,000 

Prince George 5,600,000 

Princess Anne . 5,500,000 

Southampton 98,425,000 

Surry 58,385,000 

Sussex 13,525,000 

Greenesville 40,000,000 



Total 397,344,000 

The cut by counties for 40 counties in eastern North Carolina is as 
follows : 

Board Feet. Board Feet. 



Beaufort 44,428,000 

Bertie 34,137,000 

Bladen 29,125,000 

Brunswick 16,877,000 

Camden 1,170,000 

Carteret 5,240,000 

Chowan 25,824,000 

Columbus 67,970,000 

Craven 107,209,000 

Cumberland 16,700,000 

Duplin 60,841,000 

Dare 4,000,000 

Edgecombe 7,112,000 

Gates 14,695,000 

Greene 2,600,000 

Halifax 41,290,000 

Harnett 32,360,000 

Hertford 17,980,000 

Hoke 1,700,000 

Hyde 1,881,000 

Johnston 45,460,000 



Jones 20,790,000 

Lenoir 20,136,000 

Martin 9,795,000 

Nash 31,778,000 

New Hanover 43,432,000 

Northampton 7,318,000 

Onslow 23,563,000 

Pamlico 22,109,000 

Pasquotank 49,950,000 

Pender 58,700,000 

Perquimans 23,627,000 

Pitt 8,510,000 

Robeson 43,761,000 

Sampson 66,917,000 

Scotland 2,960,000 

Tyrrell 1,390,000 

Washington 23,046,000 

Wayne 20,810,000 

Wilson 21,870,000 



Total 1,079,061,000 



The cut by counties for 15 counties in South Carolina north of George- 
town is as follows: „ , r. * 

Board Feet. 

Beaufort 8,527,000 

Berkeley 13,265,000 

Charleston 48,343,000 

Colleton 64,384,000 

Darlington 82,373,000 

Dillon 6,075,000 

Dorchester 31,761,000 

Florence 21,310,000 

Georgetown 129,948,000 

Hampton 21,700,000 

Horry 28,472,000 

Lee 1,000,000 

Marion 54,235,000 

Marlboro 21,035,000 

Williamsburg 15,710,000 



Total 548,138,000 



•The total cut of yellow pine in the 3G counties of eastern Virginia in which loblolly pine is the 
prevailing tree is about 1,200,000,000 board feet. It is probable that three-fourths of this cut is from 
loblolly pine. 



LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAROLINA PINE. 7 

The pine industi'ies of southeasteni Virginia and northeastern ISTorth 
Carolina are so closely associated that it is impossible to separate them. 
A large portion of the logs cnt in northeastern jSTorth Carolina is manu- 
factured in Virginia chiefly at or in the vicinity of Norfolk, Suffolk, 
Franklin, Emporia, and Whaleyville. It is estimated that 175,000,000 
feet, or nearly half of the output of the mills in this section of Virginia, 
are from logs brought from North Carolina, the importations being dis- 
tributed approximately as follows : 50 per cent of the output of Nanse- 
mond County; 90 per cent of the output of Norfolk County and 60 per 
cent of the output of Southampton County. Some of the other counties 
which lie on or near the state line, such as Greenesville, also obtain small 
amounts of their timber from North Carolina. It is conservative there- 
fore to say that the cut of loblolly pine timber in North Carolina in 
1912 exceeded 1,250,000,000 board feet. The timber from which this 
was cut had a stumpage value of not less than $4,000,000, while the 
value of the entire output of loblolly pine in North Carolina embracing 
both the lumber delivered on the cars and the round timber which was 
cut in the State, but manufactured outside, amounted to more than 
$16,000,000. The cut of North Carolina pine lumber in North Carolina 
has probably attained its maximum. 

Small operators still cut a large amount of North Carolina pine 
lumber. Of the total number of operations there were in 1912 only 22 
in North Carolina that had an annual cut in excess of 10,000,000 board 
feet. These 22 had a combined cut of 384,000,000 board feet, compared 
with a cut of 695,061,000 board feet for the remaining 600 operations. 
x\t the same time in the counties north of Georgetown in South Caro- 
lina there were only six operations that had an output in excess of 10,- 
000,000 board feet, and in the nine southeastern counties of Virginia 
only 12 operations had outputs of this volume. 

The largest single operation in the North Carolina pine field is at 
Georgetown, S. C, with, an estimated output of about 100,000,000 board 
feet a year. A wood alcohol plant is operated in connection with this 
sawmill to utilize the waste. The Norfolk District embracing the five 
counties of Norfolk, Nansemond, Princess Anne, Isle of Wight, and 
Southampton, with an output of more than 180,000,000 board feet a 
year, still maintains its supremacy not only as a distributing center but 
also as a producing center. 

The amount of mature loblolly pine timber in North Carolina is about 
15,000,000,000 board feet. This pine occupies in pure growth or asso- 
ciated with other species more than 8,000 square miles in North Caro- 
lina. Since the rate of growth of this species even under present un- 
favorable conditions is not less than 150 board feet per acre of commer- 
cial saw-timber a year replacement is at the rate of about 800,000,000 
board feet a year and consequently is taking place at more than half 
of the rate of utilization for lumber. It is believed that if the forest 
lands of eastern North Carolina were being well managed the present 
cut could be maintained permanently. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF COASTAL PLAIJT AAD PIEDMONT PLATEAU 

REGIONS. 

In order to understand the distribution of the loblolly pine in iTorth 
Carolina, its growth under various conditions and the systems of man- 
agement best adapted to them, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the 
topography and other general physical characteristics of the Coastal 
Plain and of the eastern portions of the Piedmont Plateau regions. 

THE COASTAL PLAIN REGION. 

The coastal plain region of ISTorth Carolina extends inland, from 
the coast for a distance of one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles, 
and has an aggregate area approximating 24,000 square miles. Its sur- 
face is that of a gently undulating plain of slight elevation (10 to 50 feet 
above sea level) and nearly level eastward, becoming more elevated 
(300 to 500 feet) and rolling along its western border. In the neighbor- 
hood of the coast, where the drainage is insufficient to remove the rain- 
fall rapidly, there are extensive areas of lowland or swamp, with clear, 
slowly flowing, or stagnant water. These are mostly forest covered. 
Westward the fall permits a more thorough drainage and the swamps 
are largely restricted to narrow strips of alluvial land contiguous to 
the streams which have muddy, rapidly flowing water when the streams 
head beyond the costal plain, and clear, slow-flowing water when the 
streams head within the coastal plain. These SAvamps of the muddy 
streams extend in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction through 
the entire coastal plain. The total swamp area of the coastal plain 
region in JSTorth Carolina aggregates nearly 4,600 square miles. 

The upland soils of the coastal plain are unconsolidated sands, sandy 
loams, silts and loams, and over limited areas stiff clays. To the north 
of the Neuse River loams and heavier soils are the more widely distrib- 
uted upland soils; to the south of this river the soils are generally of a 
sandy type. The water table during the growing season is seldom as 
much as 20 feet below the surface, except in the tier of counties which 
lies just east of the Piedmont and in the sandy and hilly region of 
Moore, Cumberland, Richmond, and the adjoining counties. The soils 
in the swamps, except those of alluvial origin, are prevailingly of the 
same general textures as those of the uplands, but with a mucky or peaty 
top soil, or peaty throughout. The soils of the alluvial swamps border- 
ing the large streams, which have their headAvaters beyond the coastal 
plain region, are silty with a varying admixture of vegetable matter. 

The soils of the coastal plain which are occupied by loblolly pine are 
practically all available for farming with the exception of the sand 
dunes on the banks and some of the river swamps which are subject to 
periodic and deep flooding. Many of the best loblolly pine soils require 
artificial drainage before they can be profitably farmed. There is little 



LOBLOLLY OR ISTORTH CAROLINA PIXE. V 

doubt, however, that eventually the larger portion of all of the land now 
in loblolly pine will be cleared and placed in cultivation. 

In the Coastal Plain Region the average annual temperature is 
about 61° F., with a normal range of 36° F. The winters are com- 
paratively mild, the temperature seldom falling below 15° F. The 
average temperature during the five growing months is 74° F. The 
average annual rainfall is about fifty-five inches, the seasonal distribu- 
tion being heavier in the spring and summer than in the autumn and 
winter. The region of heaviest precipitation and greatest humidity lies 
eastward of a north and south line through N'ew Bern and Wilmington. 
The rainfall, while heavy, is irregular and concentrated, and the snow- 
fall scant, although sleet is frequent. The atmospheric humidity is 
high, especially during the summer. 

PIEDMONT PLATEAU REGION. 

The easteni portion of the Piedmont plateau region, which is the 
portion in which loblolly pine occurs most frequently, is more rugged 
and its topography rougher than that of the coastal plain. Its eleva- 
tion varies from 350 to 600 feet above sea level. In general its surface 
is rolling though along the streams and in some other places there are 
bold hills. 

On the uplands the predominating soils may be described as loams and 
clays, sandy and gravelly in some places, but generally with much stiffer 
red or yellow subsoil, formed by the decay in situ of slates, gneisses, 
(hombliende-bearing) schists, pegmatites, and other crystalline rocks; 
while over some limited areas sandy soils occur derived from sandstone 
and granite. Along the numerous small streams are narrow, alluvial 
deposits, moist, dark-colored loams, containing a variable proportion of 
organic matter. Along the larger streams these fluvial deposits are often 
clayey or silty. All soils occupied by the loblolly pine in the Piedmont 
plateau region, except where too rough or steep are suitable for fanning. 

The average annual temperature for the region is somewhat less than 
that of the coastal plain, being about 59° F. ; the annual rainfall is only 
about fifty inches, and the humidity is lower. The water table is from 
30 to 50 feet below the surface of the hill summits, while the surface 
drainage is far superior to that of the coastal plain, swamps being 
limited to the borders of the streams. The average temperature during 
the five growing months is 73° F. 

COMMEECIAL DISTKIBUTIOX. 

The commercial distribution of the loblolly pine in ISTorth Carolina is 
from Granville, Person, Orange, Chatham, and Union counties, some- 
what east of the center of the State, eastward and southeastward to the 
coast, where it occurs over a total area of not less than 30,000 square 
miles. As a commercial tree it is largely absent, however, from Cum- 
berland, Moore, Richmond, and Hoke counties in eastern N'orth Caro- 



10 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

lina, "wliicli have prevailing dry saudy soils. There are also less ex- 
tensive areas of swamp in which it does not occur. But it is capable 
of growing as a commercial tree on 22,000 square miles of this area 
(See map, Fig. 2.) In Virginia it is the prevailing species south and 
east of Petersburg and Lunenburg, covering the southeastern portion 
of the state, while to the north of Petersburg it is common along and 
near Chesapeake Bay, on both the eastern and western shores. In 
South Carolina it is common south and east of Chester wherever the 
soil and moisture conditions are suitable for its growth. 

ORIGINAL FOREST. 

In the coastal plain the loblolly pine was originally largely confined 
to the following situations: (1) River swamps, where it occurred on the 
best drained portions, as single trees in mixture with hackberry, sweet 
gum, red maple, white and red oaks, deep swamp ash, and water gum; 
(2) shallow interior swamps with loamy soils where it grew in groups of 
a few trees, or more generally single trees, among maple, water oaks, and 
gums; (3) shallow swamps with stiif soils, Avhere single trees occurred 
irregularly distributed among Avhite oaks and red oaks, ash, elm, holly, 
white bay, beech, and gums; (4) deep swamps, in which it was not com- 
mon and where it occurred with cypress, water gum, and water ash; 
(5) hummocks and the edges of swamps, savannas, and pocosons, Avhere 
on a wide range of moist soils of sand, silt, clay or peat, it grew sparingly 
with longleaf and pocoson pines; (6) best grade of loams, silts, clays 
(Portsmouth soil series) and peaty soils seldom subject to flooding, Avith 
the water table usually from five to eight feet below the surface where 
it formed compact groups or stands covering many acres; (7) on peaty 
soils where it occurred with yellow poplar, white cedar (juniper), Avhite 
bay, sweet bay, and sweet gum. 

Specimens of best development (Plate I, Frontispiece) are met with 
in shallow swamps on clayey or loamy soil growing with mixed hard- 
woods. The pure groves on well-drained peaty soil are mostly formed 
of comparatively young and small trees from 100 to 150 years old and 
in even-aged stands. There are traditions supported by other evidence, 
that these pure groves on the peaty lands have followed old fires. Under 
natural conditions it is probable that this species did not form extensive 
pure forests in !Nortli Carolina except in the extreme northeastern sec- 
tion. Loblolly })ine was absent from the best drained soils Avhich were 
occupied by the longleaf pine in the coastal plain and by mixed hard- 
Avoods and shortleaf pine in the Piedmont plateau region. 

In the Piedmont plateau the original growth of loblolly pine Avas 
chiefly confined to the forests of the narrow stream SAvamps of the east- 
ern portion of the plateau. It formed only a A'ery small proportion of 
the timber in these forests Avhich are distinctively of hardAvoods. "While 
most abundant in the Piedmont along its eastern edge, isolated trees 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



11 




12 LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

have been found on alluvial lands as far west as tlie eastern end of Surry 
County and at an altitude of about 700 feet, although 500 feet is the 
IDrevailing altitudinal limit in North Carolina. 

PRESENT FOREST. 

Accidental influences, largely circumstances incidental to the settling 
and development of the country, and other influences which have fol- 
lowed these, have enabled the tree, by means of its prolific and early seed- 
ing and rapid growth, to become locally far more widely distributed and 
much more abundant than in the original forest. The most important 
of these influences which have facilitated the reproduction and distribu- 
tion of this species have been the abandonment of farming lands, fires, 
lumbering, and live stock, especially hogs. On account of its adaptabil- 
ity^ loblolly pine has increased in abundance in wet situations as well as 
on dry sites. In swamps it has often followed cypress, when cypress Avas 
cut, wherever standing water during the growing season did not prevent 
the pine from establishing itself. When hardwoods on the coastal 
plain were culled, or severely burned, loblolly pine became more abun- 
dant in the hardwood forests, until its young growth is now common, both 
on the uplands and in the swamps. It has extensively replaced the long- 
leaf pine, except on the dryest or sandiest soils. When the longleaf pine 
died after being exhausted by turpentine or was broken down by the 
wind, or where it was burned or thinned by lumbering, the loblolly pine 
succeeded it on all moist, loamy, or clay soils. At the same time hogs 
destroyed the seeds and seedlings of the longleaf pine, while both seed and 
seedlings of loblolly were largely neglected, the former because of their 
small size and the latter because the roots are tough and fibrous. The 
loblolly pine now occupies in nearly pure forests, much of it more than 
100 years old, practically all of the cutover longleaf pine lands north of 
the Xeuse River, and a great proportion of the longleaf pine lands south 
of the J^euse River and east of Fayetteville and Laurinburg, and is 
gradually invading the sandhills of Moore, Cumberland, and Richmond 
counties. Worn-out farming lands exhausted of humus, which have been 
turned to fallow, and lands which have been found too poor or often too 
wet to cultivate, or which were abandoned on account of scarcity of 
labor, have been stocked with loblolly pine by means of self-sown seed 
whenever seed-bearing trees were near by. Thus this pine has become 
extensively distributed, and while 100 years ago the longleaf pine was 
the characteristic forest tree in the Coastal Plain Region of ISTorth Caro- 
lina, at present the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree; and its relative 
abundance and importance are steadily increasing. 

The distribution of the loblolly pine has also been extended in the 
Piedmont plateau, though not to the same extent as in the coastal plain. 
In the eastern part of the Piedmont plateau it has established itself in 
old fields, often in association with shortleaf pine, and in stands of hard- 
woods which have been culled. It is now abundant in the second srrowth 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAKOLIXA PINE. 13 

stands on the hills near the rivers and is gradually extending aAvay from 
the streams, in spite of the increasing dryness of the soil. 

The growth in the old fields along the eastern edge of the Piedmont 
plateau in many places is nearly pure loblolly pine. Where young trees 
of the shortleaf pine appear they are often overtopped and suppressed, 
being outnumbered and overgrowm by the loblolly pine. To the west- 
ward, however, there are fewer seed trees, and where there is competition 
between the two species, the shortleaf pine has the advantage, except on 
moist or sandy soils. 

ASSOCIATED SPECIES. 

Witb such a wide range of soil adaptability loblolly pine is associated 
with many species and is a component of many forest types. In the 
mixed stands in the swamps and on poorly drained sites some of the 
associated species are fully as valuable as the pine and are well adapted 
to silvicultural purposes. Other species are less valuable than the lob- 
lolly. The following list gives the most important associated species. 

List of the Most Important Species Associated With Loblolly 
Pine in Order of Their Kelative Importance. 

TREES. 

Longleaf pine Pinus palustris. 

Shortleaf, spruce or rosemary pine Pinus echinata. 

Sweet or red gum Liquiclamhar styraciflua. 

Water gum Nyssa aquatica. 

Southern red oalv Quercus digitata. 

Swamp red oak Quercus pagodcvfolia. 

Pocoson, black bark or pond pine Pinus serotina. 

Red maple Acer rubrum tridens. 

Yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera. 

Water oak Qxiercus nigra. 

Green ash Fraxinns lanceolata. 

Deep swamp ash Fraxinus profunda. 

Water ash Fraxinus caroliniana. 

White elm Ulmus americana. 

White hickory Hicoria alba. 

Sand hickory Hicora pallida. 

White oak Quercus alba. 

Swamp white or swamp chestnut oak Quercus Michauxii. 

Post oak Quercus minor. 

Round leaf blackjack oak Quercus marylandica. 

Forked leaf or sand blackjack oak Quercus Catesbcei. 

Runner oak Quercus Margaretta. 

Black gum Nyssa sylvatica. 

Tupelo gum Nyssa uniflora. 

Cottonwood Populus deltoides. 

SHRUBS. 

Gallberry Hex glabra. 

Tall gallberry . '. Ilex lucvia. 

Fetterbush Andromeda, several species. 



14 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIK^A PINE. 



FOREST TYPES. 



Wherever similar soil and moisture conditions prevail there is a 
definite association of species. This association which is called a 
forest type remains practically constant until the natural conditions are 
disturhed by fire, cattle, lumbering, or other causes. The type is formed 
of those species Avhich are best suited to soil and moisture conditions, 
but this does not necessarily mean that the natural mixture of species 
would be the most profitable one or the most desirable one economically 
for that site. The rate of growth of the different species which form 
a type is practically always the same in that type, and the yield of the 
type at a given age is constant. 

Table 1 shows the composition of the important commercial forest 
types of the coastal plain of jSTorth Carolina and their relation to soil 
and drainage. The great number of forest types in which loblolly pine 
occurs is noteworthy as showing the virility and aggressiveness of this 
species. 



Table I Characteristic Forest Types of Eastern North Carolina According to Soil 

AND Drainage. 







When drained 






Drainage 


Best Clay Soils, 

Fine-grained Stiff 

Loams or Marls 


Good Agricultural 

Soils, Loams, 

Sandy Loams, 

Medium to Fine- 

Grained 


Sands, Coarse or 
Medium-grained 


Peaty Soils, 
Mucks 




(1) 


(2) 


(3) 




Very dry and well 


Hardwoods, small 


Shortleaf pine with 


Sand hills with 




drained; rolling or 


red, post and 


small oaks, espe- 


longleaf pine and 




hilly, (as stream 


roundleaf black 


cially Q- margar- 


sand blackjack 




bluffs); water- 


jack oaks, hickories 


etta and hickories. 


oak. Loblolly 




table below 20 ft. 


with some short- 


Occasionally long- 


pine is infrequent 




Both surface and 


leaf pine. (Young 


leaf pine inter- 


even in old fields. 




subsoil drainage 


loblolly pine ap- 


mixed. (Young 


Longleaf pine 




good. 


pearing in open- 
ings.) Oak and 
pine uplands. 


loblolly pine in 
openings.) 


sand hills. 






(4) 


(5) 


(6) 




Longleaf piney 


Longleaf pine of 


Longleaf pine of 


Longleaf pine, 




woods and flat- 


fine quality pass- 


best quality, with 


pure. Pine bar- 




woods; moist sub- 


ing with poorer 


dogwood and post 


rens. 




soils; water-table 


drainage into hard- 


oak. The longleaf 






seldom below 20 ft. 


woods; pine and 


larg-^ly replaced 






Surface drainage 


post oak flat woods. 


by loblolly pine, 






good. Subsoil drain- 




which now forms 






age slow. 




extensive forests; 
or when water 
table is stable near 
surface, pure lob- 
lolly pine. Flat- 
woods. 







LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

Table I — Continued. 



15 



Drainage 



Best Clay Soils, 
Fine-grained Stiff 
Loams or Marls 



When drained 

Good Agricultural 

Soils, Loams, 

Sandy Loams, 

Medium to Fine 

grained 



Sands, Coarse or 
Medium-grained 



Peaty Soils, 
Mucks 



Loblolly pine (short- 
leaf pine of the 
coast) forest. Very 
moist subsoil. 
Water table seldom 
below 12 ft. Surface 
drainage poor. | 



(7) 

Loblolly pine in 
large pure groups 



(7a) 

Loblolly pine of 
good quality, pure 
Natural, perma- 
nent or reproducing 
pine lands. 



(7b) 

Loblolly pine in 
pure groups 



(7c) 

Loblolly pine 
in pure 
groups on 
best drained 
sites. 



Clear or discolored 
water, shallow 
swamps; slow 
drainage, standing 
water during part 
of the year. Sub- 
ject to slight over- 
flow. Surface 
drainage very poor 
even in summer. 



(8) 

Oaks, beech, hick- 
ory, red maple, 
deep swamp ash, 
water gum, sweet 
gum, white bay, 
cypress, loblolly 
pine, singly or in 
groups. The pine 
less frequent and 
smaller as the 
drainage becomes 
poorer. Flat 
swamps, hardwood 
f1at.t. 



(9) 



(10) 



Water oaks, cypress, | Loblolly pine, 
red maple, water 
gum; loblolly pine. 
The pine less fre- 
quent and smaller, 
as the drainage 
becomes poorer 
and cypress and 
water gum more 
abundant. Flat 
swamps. 



pure, passing into 
white cedar, ma- 
ple, bay, small 
water gum. 1 

Cedar or juniper 
swamps. 



(11) 

Sour peats, 
white cedar, 
poplar, red 
maple and 
bays. Water 
table stable. 
Cedar 
swamps, 



Clear or discolored 
water, deep 
swamps, ponds, 
and slow flowing 
streams. Water sel- 
dom below the sur- 
face. 



(12) 



(13) 



(13a) 



Large cypress, water Large cypress, water Same as No. 13 



and tupelo gums, 
deep swamp ash 
and rod maple, 
occasional loblollj 
pines where drain- 
age bejt. Cypress 
swamps. 



and tupelo gums 
deep swamp, water 
ashes and red ma- 
ple, occasional lob- 
lolly pines. 
Cypress swamps. 





(15) 


(16) 


Nearly saturated 


Small pocoson pine 


Pocoson pine and 


level lands; the 


and bays. Bays. 


bays. Pocosons. 


pocosons or briary 


Pocosons. Where 


Where best drained, 


bays, and reedy 


best drained, 


savannas. 


bogs. Water table 


savannas. 




fluctuating. Aera- 






tion deficient. 







but trees much 
smaller. Much 
water ash. 



(14) 

Mucks, large 
cypress, wa- 
ter and tupelo 
gums, red 
maple, occa- 
sional loblolly 
pines. 



(17) 

Pocoson pine and 
longleaf pine; 
loblolly pine 
scantily replac- 
ing them on the 
best sites. 
Pocosons. 



(18) 

Raw peats, 
pocoson pine 
and bays. 
Moss bogs, 
q^taking bogs. 
Pocosons. 



16 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIJSTA PINE. 

Table I — Continued. 



Alluvial soils along The character of the growth much the same as that on clear water, shaJow 
the muddy rivers — I swamps (8 and 9), but conifers and evergreen trees are infrequent, prob- 
overflow irregular [ ably on account of the destruction of their foliage by its being covered with 
and often deep — 3 ' a coating of mud. Silver maple, hackberry, sycamore, green ash, elm, 
to 30 feet. oaks and gums. In sloughs where there is much standing water, tupelo. 



Water surface widely The pine barren ponds which may be deeply flooded during winter and spring 
fluctuating. No sur- or after rains but in which the water table may sink to 10 feet during 
face, drainage. droughts, have a growth limited to the pond cypress (Taxodium dis- 

tichum iinbricarium) water gum and black gum. 



The optimum conditions for the development of individual trees of 
loblolly pine are offered by sites S and 9, on which occur trees of large 
size either in small groups or scattered singly among the hardwoods. 
The optimum conditions for the development of pure stands are offered 
by sites 7 to 7c. On these sites there is less competition from the hard- 
woods and loblolly pine is truly gregarious, dominating to the practical 
exclusion of other trees. 

Between the typical conditions there are gradations of all kinds. 
When the forest is lumbered or severely burned, its distinctive char- 
acters are often almost obliterated, though the constant tendency, when 
natural forces are permitted to re-assert themselves, is for the reestab- 
lishment of the original forest type. Near the coast, a number of these 
conditions will sometimes be represented on an area of less than an acre. 
In addition to the above original or permanent types there are four 
important temporary types: (1) mixed oak and hickory, which have 
folloAved pine on loams and clays; (2) Quercus Margaretta and round- 
leaf blackjack oak, which have followed pine on dry sandy loams; (3) 
sand blackjack oak which has followed longleaf pine on sand hills; 
(4) loblolly pine in old fields and on cut-over longleaf pine land. 
These pure stands of loblolly in old fields and on cut-over longleaf pine 
landiS ai-e very extensive, and occupy -all classes of soils; they are of all 
ages and are in every condition of thrift and density, and constitute an 
important source of pine timber. 

The conditions under which the loblolly pine occurs, as shoAvn in 
Table 1, may be grouped for convenience under seven heads as follows: 

( 1 ) Old field growth on diy sites ; 

(2) Loblolly pine in pure stands on porous loams and peaty soils 

(Table 1, numbers 7 and 10, in part) ; 

(3) Loblolly- pine on longleaf pine flat lands (Table 1. numbers 4 

to 6); 

(4) Loblolly pine Avith hardwoods in swamps chiefly in the coastal 

plain (Table 1, numbers 8 and 9) ; 

(5) Loblolly pine with pocoson pine on savannas (Table 1, numbers 

15 to 16) ; 



LOBLOLLY OR JiTORTH CAROLINA PINE. 17 

(6) Loblolly pine with cypress in deep swamps (Table 1, numbers 

12 to 14) ; 

(7) Loblolly pine in hardwood and shortleaf pine forests chiefly on 

the Piedmont uplands (Table 1, numbers 1, 2). 

OLD FIELD GROWTH ON DRY SITES. 

These sites were originally occupied by longleaf pine or by shortleaf 
pine mixed with upland oaks and hickories. The longleaf pine sites, 
which are confined to the coastal plain, are for the most part heavy 
upland clays and coarse upland sands (largely Xorfolk sand) ; they are 
of the greatest extent south of JSTeuse River. The shortleaf pine sites 
are largely restricted to the eastern tier of Piedmont counties, but ex- 
tend into the coastal plain in Halifax, Northampton, and Nash coim- 
ties. The soils for the most part are loams or heavier soils of the Cecil 
and Durham series, the water table as a rule lying between 20 and 45 feet 
beneath the surface. These lands have been cultivated, but after the 
exhaustion of the scant humus they were found too poor and were aban- 
doned; later they were stocked by wind-sowed seed of loblolly pine. 
Some stands on sites on which longleaf pine formed the original forest 
contain an admixture of longleaf pine; and on sites which were origi- 
nally occupied by shortleaf pine and upland hardwoods, an admixture 
of shortleaf pine. 

Table 2 shows the range of diameters and the composition of charac- 
teristic stands of loblolly pine in upland old fields. 



18 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH C.\ROLIXA PINE. 



Stand 60 years old on Cecil red clay in Orange County 
following shortleaf pine, southern red oak, 
Spanish oak, black oak and hickory 


Other 
species 


O i ■ 1 i • ' ' 




Shortleaf 
pine 


1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 ! I 




a 
■ft 

_>. 
"o 


T3 

ft 
ft 

3 
CO 


• cot-o !«ot- 1 1 1 1 ! . 1 1 1 1 


MO <o 

CO c^ 


,5 


■ 1 1 ICC leot^ecec I • 


« «, a. 


03 

a 

'& 
o 



1 1 1 1 1 ': m l-*coooot~« 1 




Stand 62 years old on Durham ,aand, 

in Chatham County, following 

shortleaf pine and post oak 


fc.2 


; ; : : ; : ; i : 


S? " " 


a 
■ft 


13 
i 

ft 

ft 


1 ! 1 i i i i ' ' ■* ■* 


00 "5 ^H 


^ c3 


„c.c2.., 


Oi t~ to 


a 

03 

C! 

o 
Q 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ..^rtt^cOQO 


CO -"^ 00 


>> 

-§•2 

c3 ti> 

TJ g 03 
III 
« o 

13 in 

11 


OS- 


l:^,0.^,,rtrtii|P(||iij 


00 o « 


g 
'ft 

3 

.3 


T3 

1 

03 


llll'«omoolliilill 


O OS t- 


01 

c-g 


1 1 I 1 1 .c^iocCiOCOii^ ' I I I I 


o r^ M 


13 
(A 

a 

o 
Q 


1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 "t^t^cC^^OC^ « 1 


ir^ 00 OO 

to T}< r- 


Diameter 
breast- 
high 

Inches 


^t^oocso— *c^icC'^»c:ot^«:oo-Hc^i 


Total over 
6 inches.. 

Per cent of 
number. . 

Per cent of 
volume 

inbd.ft... 


c 



N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE III. 




X -2 



.5 M- 02 



"^ JS — ■ 

_ .ti '5 

5 ^ " 



0) U r^ 

^ C3 ■" 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 19 

Loblolly pine attains on the upland old field sites a height of from 
60 to 80 feet, a range of diameters of from 12 to 22 inches, and an age 
of 75 years. The rate of growth is extremely rapid for several decades, 
far more rapid than on similar uncultivated soils, after which there is 
an abrupt decline in the rate of height as well as diameter growth. 
(Table 14, Column 4, and Table 18, Column 4.) The total volume of 
the stand culminates between the fortieth and sixtieth years, according 
to the site. At the time of culmination not only has the growth in 
height practically ceased and the rate of diameter growth declined to 
about an inch a decade, but the stand has begun to disintegrate by the 
dying of the dominant trees. The gro-s^-th of such a stand may be 
Quality I for the first two decades; Quality II for the third decade; 
after which it ma^"- decline to Quality III. (See p. 57.) 

On account of the open crown cover, oaks and other upland hard- 
woods gradually enter the stand. In stands more than 40 years old 
these species often form a moderately dense lower story beneath the 
pines. When the loblolly pine is cut, they partly replace the loblolly 
pine, being supplemented either by longleaf or shortleaf pine. These 
species largely form the succeeding stands unless special means are taken 
to secure loblolly pine. The forest thus tends to revert to the original 
or permanent types. 

On account of the rapid thinning out of the stand, the trees are short 
bodied and scrubby. (Plate III, A.) The trees yield two or three logs 
mostly of third and fourth grades. The wood is coarse grained and 
knotty, making largely box lumber. (Plate XII.) Unthinned stands 
will seldom yield more than 20 per cent lumber of Xo. 3 grade and 
better. 

(For description of log grades, see page 98; of lumber grades, page 
100.) 

LOBLOLLY PINE IN PURE STANDS ON POROUS LOAMS AND PEATY SOILS. 

This type comprises a very large portion of the productive loblolly 
pine forests of Xorth Carolina. It occurs on small flats or basins which 
are comparatively well-drained and seldom flooded for a long period 
or for more than a few inches, or it occupies extensive areas of upland 
which are mostly near the coast. The soils are largely sandy loams, 
clayey, or silty (Portsmouth soil series), or they are peaty, humified, 
with some silt or clay intennixed, or with marl subsoil. The water table 
seldom sinks below twelve feet. These are the so-called "permanent, 
natural or reproducing" pine lands. These sites furnish the optimum 
conditions for the development of pure stands. There is situated within 
this type a large area of poorly drained old fields on which loblolly pine 
has the same rate of growth as on forest soils of the same class. A great 
portion of the soil occupied by this type of forest has been placed under 
cultivation, and such areas as are suitable for tillage are still being 
drained and cleared as rapidly as they are logged. It is best suited to 
the growing of corn. 



20 



LOBLOLLY OR ISTORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



In their typical coudition the forests on these lands are in pure even- 
aged stands or groups, or the pine is associated with occasional gums, 
water oaks, and yellow poplars, but it is always the predominating spe- 
cies in the stand. Although the humus is deep the soil is sufficiently 
moist for young growth to come up freely and young trees appear in large 
even-aged groups where old trees have died or have been cut. Beneath 
the pine there is generally a dense undergrowth of gall berries and 
ericaceous shrubs. The age of the pine seldom exceeds 200 years and 
individual trees are not so large as in the hardwood swamps. The 
height of mature trees ranges from 115 to 130 feet and the diameter 
from 24 to 36 inches. The wood is moderately fine and even-grained. 
The logs largely grade I and II. The best yield is obtained in this type. 
It is believed that by thinning stands an increment of from 900 to 1,000 
board feet a year can- be obtained, including thinnings. Even in old 
groups the crown cover maintains a complete canopy. The rate of 
growth is excellent and stands can generally be classed in Quality I. 

Table 3 shows the composition of this type on peaty soil, measured 
in a stand two miles northeast of Leechville, IST. C. The average age of 
the trees is about 100 years, the height of the dominant trees is from 
110 to 120 feet. The stand consists of about 120 merchantable trees 
per acre and will yield about 30,000 feet, B. M. of pine. 



Table 3.— Composition op a Pure Loblolly Pine Stand on Peaty Soil, Humified, Near 
Leechville, North Carolina. 



Diameter breast- 
high 


Average Number of Trees Per Acre. 


Inches 


Loblolly Pine 


Sweet Gum 


Black Gum 


Other Species 


Under 9 


2 


13 


9 


11 


9 


4 

4 

4 

6 

4 

20 

10 

20 

20 

12 

10 

10 

2 


1 


2 




10 


1 


11 




1 




12 


1 




13 


1 


14 




1 




15 






16 






17 






18 






19 






20 






21 




1 






1 


Total above 8 


126 


2 


4 


1 



After lumbering the land normally comes up to heavy young growth 
of pine seedlings. Areas cut over ten or twenty years ago are noAv 
covered with a dense stand of young pines. Interspersed among the 
young trees are the old suppressed trees which were left when the 
mature stand was cut and which have now recuperated, and many small 
hardwoods which have been overtopped. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE IV. 










LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



21 



LOBLOLLY PINE ON LONGLEAF PINE FLAT LANDS. 

This type forms the great body of productive loblolly pine lands, 
occupying possibly one-half of the total loblolly pine area. Its yield, 
however, is not commensurate with the area it occupies on account of 
understocking. The soils are clayey, loamy, or sandy. The surface 
of the flat lands is nearly level or slightly rolling and well drained; 
these areas when stocked in longleaf pine were known as the flatwoods 
or piney woods. As the moisture in the soil becomes less subject to 
fluctuations they pass into hardwood flats and flat swamps. As they 
become more level and less thoroughly drained, they grade into savannas, 
pocosons, and bog swamps. As they become sandier and more thor- 
oughly drained and drier they approach in their forest characters the 
longleaf pine sand hills. 



Table 4. — Composition of Loblolly Pine Stand on Longleaf Pine Flat Lands. 



Diameter 


Average Number op Trees Per Acre. 


breasthigh 
Inches 


Loblolly 
Pine 


Longleaf 
Pine 


Black 
Gum 


Sweet 
Gum 


Oak 


Hickory 


Maple 


Dogwood 


Between 3-6 
6 
7 
8 
9 


15.42 
5.77 
4.89 
4.27 
4.03 
3.33 
2.67 
2.41 
2.18 
1.84 
1.45 
1.29 
1.18 
.94 
.83 
.53 
.52 
.44 
.43 
.31 
.21 
.21 
.19 
.13 
.06 
.07 
.04 
.05 
.04 
.01 


.05 
.63 
.22 
.13 

1.01 
.76 
.98 

L21 
.38 

1.45 

1.03 
.64 
.32 
.43 
.17 
.18 
.04 
.11 
.07 
.05 
.06 


4.13 
1.03 
2.13 
1.17 
.63 
.58 
.54 
.31 
.12 
.07 
.05 
.07 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.005 
.01 
.01 
.01 


3.01 
.96 
.47 
.32 
.40 
.16 
.38 
.22 
.20 
.12 
.03 
.08 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


6.01 
3.13 
3.01 
2.11 
2.36 
1.27 
.09 
.12 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


1.50 
.58 
.41 
.17 
.22 
.15 
.08 
.11 


2.40 
.32 
.06 
.01 


.42 
.07 
.02 
.005 


10 






11 






12 






13 


.09 
.02 






14 






15 


.01 






16 






17 








18 








19 






20 






21 






22 








23 










24 










25 






1 






26 


.02 












27 


1 










28 


1 


1 




29 








30 






i 




31 




! 


i 1 




32 




' 




33 




i i 




34 








1 
















Total 


54. 75 

i 


9.94 


10.905 


6.41 


18.20 


3.34 2.79 


.515 



22 LOBLOLLY OR NOETH CABOLINA PINE. 

The original forest was formed of longleaf pine which, after lumber- 
ing, turpentining, and repeated fires has now nearly or entirely disap- 
peared. The loblolly pine is not uniformly distributed; it occurs as 
scattered dense groups varying from a few trees to several or many 
acres in extent. (Plate VI, A.) In the open spaces the ground is cov- 
ered with thick grass (chiefly wire grass) 1 to 2 feet high. The irreg- 
ularity of the stand and its open condition is due to periodic fires, which 
are particularly damaging where the growth of grass is heavy. Small 
trees of various kinds of hardwoods, especially black gum, roundleaf 
blackjack oak, southern red oak, and white and sand hickories occur 
with the pine in greater or less abundance. A few longleaf pines occur 
in places, especially south of the jSTeuse Hiver. Table 4 shows the 
composition o'f this type based on measurements of nearly 700 acres, of 
both logged and unlogged forest. 

xlfter logging loblolly pine, usually the same species restocks the 
ground and generally overtops the hardwoods. In many places, how- 
ever, the hardwoods by their dense cover tend to prevent the reproduc- 
tion of the pine after lumbering. (Plate VIII, A.) 

Under the best conditions the trees attain a height of from 120 to 125 
feet and a diameter of 25 to 30 inches when 150 to 200 years old. Usu- 
ally, however, the height ranges from 95 to 110 feet, and the diameter 
from 18 to 25 inches. The rate of growth is that of Quality II (Tables 
14 and 18, column 3.) The trees are generally sound, but the upper 
logs in those more than 150 years old are likely to be affected by red- 
heart. Groups of trees are found 200 years old, which possibly origi- 
nated in the first extensive breaks in the longleaf pine forests made 
by the early settlers, such as around old turpentine-distillery sites and 
upon tar-kiln mounds. When the trees are solitary they are short 
bodied and yield only coarse lumber; in groups the stems are longer 
and clear. Logs are largely of Grades II and III. Under management 
these stands will produce about 600 board feet per acre a year. The 
lumber sawed from a 60-year old stand Avill grade 35 per cent 'No. 1 and 
No. 2. 

LOBLOLLY PIXE WITH HARDWOODS IN SWAMPS CHIEFLY IN THE COASTAL 

PLAIN. 

This type is largely confined to the coastal plain and occurs in clear 
water SAvamps which are seldom flooded deeply or for a long period. 
The soils are silt clays, marls, or fine-grained, stiff loams or fine sands of 
the best quality, particularly of the Portsmouth series. These swamps 
are one of the most common habitats of the loblolly pine, affording the 
optimum conditions for the development of the individual tree. The 
pine is associated with water oak, swamp chestnut oak, deep swamp ash, 
yellow poplar, sweet gum, beech, red maple, holly, cypress, water gum 
and other less abundant species. The pine occurs either in groups of a 
few trees which are usually even-aged, or more generally as single trees 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECOXOIIIC SURVEY. 



PLATE V. 




A. Characteristic stand of loblolly and pocoson pine on savanna. The scattered short-bodied trees are 

t.vpical. Such a stand yields about 15 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. 

(Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 




B. Margin of pine, cypress and gum swamp. Old cypress in center; old pine on left. 
(Photo. U. S. Forest Service.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 



23 



scattered among tlie hardwoods. While it constitutes less than five per 
cent of the number of trees in the virgin stand it may form 25 per cent 
of the merchantable saw timber. The old pine trees grow on low 
mounds or hummocks, 5 to 10 feet wide and two or three feet high, 
which are largely formed by the trees themselves, by the gradual accu- 
mulation of bark, cones and leaves, which are yearly deposited about 
their bases. (Plate I.) 

Since the pine is very intolerant of shade it comes up only in open- 
ings. Consequently, young pines as a rule are infrequent except in 
windfalls or where the oaks were cut for staves. Such cuttings made 
often as long as 100 years ago, were favorable for the increase of the 
pine. 



Table 5.— Composition op Loblollt Pine With Hardwoods in Swamp, Beechgrove, Beaufort 

County, North Carolina. 



Diameter 


i 


Average Number of Trees on One Acre. 






breasthigh 
Inches 


Loblolly 
Pine 


Water Water 
Gum Oak 


Deep 

swamp 

Ash 


Swamp 

Chestnut 

Oak 


Yellow 
Poplar 


Sweet 
Gum 


Red 
Maple 


Under 10 


1 


18 14 
4 2 

2 1 1 


51 




1 


57 
3 

2 


13 


•10 


4 




5 


11 




7 








12 





2 


' 






1 




13 




6 
4 
2 
3 


1 










14 




1 






2 




15 




1 








16 




6 






1 


I 


17 




1 










I 


18 




3 
2 
2 
2 
3 






1 






19 




2 

1 

A.. 




1 




I 


20 










21 










22 








1 ; 




23 










1 






24 




1 
1 












25 








1 " 


26 














27 




2 










28 


1 




[ 


1 




29 




1 








30 


2 


1 










31 














32 


1 


1 














33 






( 






34 


' 












35 












36 


1 [ 1 






1 














Total 


7 1 61 

1 


23 69 


2 


3 


67 


21 



The first general logging of the pine began about 1880; for a period 
of 15 or 20 years, up to 1900, the pine was cut but the hardwoods w^ere 
generally left. This has resulted in reducing the proportion of pine 
in many of the stands. In later cuttings when it has become the prac- 



24 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

tice to cut some of the best hardwoods, the proportion of pine in the 
restocking has again increased. 

Table 5 shows the composition of a loblolly pine stand in a virgin 
hardwood swamp. This area shows a larger proportion of pine by- 
volume in board feet than occurs in most such swamps, but the distri- 
bution of the diameter classes is typical. Young pine is not abundant. 

Loblolly pine in these swamps attains a height of from 135 to 165 
feet, a maximum stump diameter inside bark of 54 inches, and an age of 
over 240 years. The height of the associated broadleaf trees is from 100 
to 130 feet, pines overtopping most of them, except possibly yellow 
poplar and sweet gum. (Plate V, B.) The rate of growth of the pine 
is rapid. For several years the rate of height growth of dominant 
trees exceeds four feet a year, and even in old trees an excellent rate of 
height groAvth is well maintained. The rate of diameter growth of 
young trees is not rapid since the crowns of young trees are for many" 
years crowded by the surrounding hardwoods, and receive light only 
from above. The rate of diameter growth, however, is sustained and 
a large annual volume increment is produced by many of the oldest trees. 
(Tables 14 and 18, column 1.) On account of the rapid height growth 
and the small crowns, the stems are slender with clear boles from 80 to 
110 feet in length. 

The wood is of the best quality, soft and even-grained. Even in the 
center of the butt logs, the summer bands are comparatively narrow. 
(Plate IX, B.) It consequently resembles in quality that of the short- 
leaf pine of the Piedmont, the so-called rosemary or forest pine. It is 
rich orange in color and rather more pitchy than that growing in other 
situations. The sapwood is comparatively thin for the species though 
it forms in trees even two hundred years old one-half of the total volume 
of the stem. Large trees often yield seteral logs of Grade 1, and cut 
60 to 65 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 lumber. (Plate XII, 0.) 

LOBLOLLY PINE WITH POCOSON PINE ON SAVANNAS. 

This type occurs on poorly drained sites saturated with water during 
most of the year. The stand for the most part is open. It consists of 
loblolly pines mixed with pocoson pines, occasional stunted longleaf 
pines, black gums, and white bays. Formerly there was a larger pro- 
portion of longleaf pine. There is usually a scant undergrowth of fet- 
terbush and other ericaceous shrubs, and a dense mat of grass, which 
withers in the autumn and consequently burns with a hot fire during 
Avinter and spring. (Plate V, A.) Probably one-thirtieth of the lob- 
lolly forest land of North Carolina belongs to this type. Its producing 
capacity, however, is low and it yields a relatively small amount of 
timber. 

The loblolly pine occurs in even-aged groups of a few trees, or 
singly, all ages being represented on a small area. Trees 150 years old 
are between 75 and 105 feet in height, 20 to 25 inches in diameter, and 



N. 



C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE VI. 




<'£».aBJU£^. 



Groups of loblolly pine poles with old longleaf nine whirl, it i= 

fPhnfn TT c V P'°V lepiacm,^ on grassy flat lands. 

(Fhoto. U. S. Forest Service.) 




Cut-over loblolly pine land, showing the undesirable character of the seed trees wh.ch are left by the 
present method of cutting. (Photo, by J. S. Holmes.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



25 



the largest scale by Doyle-Scribner rule not more than 700 feet. The 
trees are short bodied and frequently crooked and yield logs largely of 
Grades III and IV. The rate of growth is slow and irregular, yet the 
wood is tough and hard and the sapwood generally thick. (Plate 
X, B.) The wood is fine grained but except in the butt log the quality 
is not high. 

Table 6 shows the average condition of more than four hundred acres 
of savanna land measured by the chain method. 



Table 6. — Compositiox of Loblolly Pixe With Pocoson Pixe ox Savanxas. Based ox 422 

Acres. 



Diameter 




Average Number of Trees Per Acre. 




breasthigh 
Inches 


Loblolly 
Pine 


Pocoson 
Pine 


Longleaf 
Pine 


. Black 
Gum 


White 
Bay 


Maple 


Between 3-6 


10.81 

5.67 

3.01 

2.07 

1.53 

1.21 

1.22 

.84 

.31 

.27 

.26 

.18 

.17 

:i; 

.14 
.09 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.005 






16.15 

8.23 
3.12 
3.24 
2.61 
2.13 


14.33 

2.17 

1.07 

.31 

.01 


7.21 


6 




.41 
.21 
.37 
.29 
1.03 


3.23 


7 
8 
9 
10 


.31 
.43 
.26 
.46 


2.10 
.95 
.02 


11 


.13 I .62 
.31 .57 

.12 : - 28 


2.33 

1.07 

.41 

.13 

.06 






12 






13 






14 


.11 
.10 
.80 
.80 
.10 
.06 
.09 
.08 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 


.21 
.23 
.11 
.14 
.08 
.07 
.02 
.03 
.01 
.01 






15 






16 




' 


17 






18 






19 






20 






21 






22 






23 






24 






25 


1 








Total 


28.095 


4.26 


4.69 


39.48 


17.89 


13.51 



LOBLOLLY PINE WITH CYPRESS IN DEEP SWAMPS. 

This type occurs in non-alluvial as well as in alluvial swamps. 
These alluvial swamps border clear water streams within the Coastal 
Plain, and the lower reaches of the muddy streams which head beyond 
the Coastal Plain, where flooding is always shallpw but may last for 
several weeks. Around the Dismal Swamp in the Albemarle Sound 
section and elsewhere there are large areas of non-alluvial swamp, in 
which a considerable portion of the forest growth is cypress and lobr 
lolly pine with water gum. The proportion of pine decreases as the 
flooding becomes deeper. Its growth also becomes slower. The pine 
and cypress have nearly the same rate of growth. (Tables 14 and IS, 
column 6.) 



26 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

The pine reaches a height of from 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of 
from 20 inches to 3 feet. The trees yield 3 and 4 logs. The wood is 
fine grained and the quality of the butt and second logs excellent. Big 
Bay in Brunswick County and the Lumber River Swamp yielded some 
excellent pine timber from this type. Plate XII, C shows a pile of 
No. 1 and jSTo. 2 logs which were cut in Big Bay. The pine tends to 
reseed and maintain its position and proportion in the forest after lum- 
bering if it is not cut at too small a diameter. There is no danger of 
fires on this type. 

LOBLOLLY PINE IN HARDWOOD AND SHORTLEAF PINE FORESTS CHIEFLY ON 
THE PIEDMONT UPLANDS. 

Loblolly pine has appeared in these forests (particularly on the Dur- 
ham soil series, in Person, Wake and Durham counties and in the 
sandier phases of the Cecil soils in the eastern Piedmont counties and in 
Halifax, ^Northampton, and JSTash counties) where the oaks and short- 
leaf pine have been cut, especially on slopes near streams. The trees of 
loblolly pine are generally young, varying in age from the smallest 
seedling to 40 or 60 years old. They seldom form more than five per 
cent of the entire stand. The number of loblolly pines is increasing, 
however, as the breaks in the forest cover become larger, and as the 
number of seed-bearing pines of this species increases. The associated 
trees are white oak, southern red oak (Quercus digitata), black oak, 
scarlet or Spanish oak (Quercus coccinea), white hickory, red hickory, 
sand hickory, yellow poplar, and shortleaf pine. These species are more 
tolerant of shade than the loblolly pine which, however, makes rapid 
growth for the first two or three decades, though the rate usually de- 
creases rapidly after the thirtieth year. When the stand of hardwoods is 
open, the pines have large crowns, short stems, and knotty and coarse- 
grained Avood. (Plate VII.) When 60 to 70 years old, which is about 
the age limit, the trees are 70 to 75 feet high and 14 to 18 inches in 
diameter, and the scale of the average log is about 55 feet. The logs 
grade as ISTos. 3, 4, and 5. 

FOREST CHARACTERISTICS. 

FORM. 

Stem. 

In young trees the stem continues through the crown without divid- 
ing. In old forest trees the trunk, as a rule, divides into massive spread- 
ing branches. The division of the main stem into a number of branches 
usually takes place soon after the period of rapid height growth is well 
passed. In trees growing in open stands the division of the tiimk into 
branches takes place earlier and lower on the stem than in crowded 
stands. As a rule the stems of young trees are nearly straight. Those 
of old trees, especially when grown in open stands or on poor soil, are 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE VII. 




Loblolly pine with mixed oaks and shortleaf pine. Three-log tree, eighty years old, 

cutting 20 per cent of No. 1 and No. 2 grades of lumber. 

(Photo. N. C. Geological Survey.) 



LOBLOLLY OR XOETH CAKOLIXA PIJCE. ?/ 

often slightly curved or crooked, tliougli never to the same extent as 
those of the pocoson pine. The stems are rarely forked except when the 
leading shoot is injured by a weevil or by sleet breaking it. The great- 
est amount of taper in the stem is in the top, consequently the mill cut 
of top logs of a given diameter inside the bark at the small end is 
greater than that of logs of the same diameter from the lower part of 
the stem measured in the same manner. (Table 23.) 

As the trees in the stand become older they are less tapering. Old 
trees of the same diameter breasthigh and of the same height as young 
trees have, therefore, a larger volume in cubic feet and produce more 
lumber. This is shoA^ii in Table 7. 



Table 7.— Yield in Board Feet Per Linear Foot op Merchantable Length of Bole from 
Trees of the Same Diameter and Height at Different Ages. 

1-7" Saw Kerf. 



Diameter breasthigh 
Inches 



Yield in Board Feet Per Linear Foot of Used Length 



Stand 





45 years old 


65 years old 


8 


.8 


.85 


9 


.9 


.95 


10 


1.1 


1.2 


11 


1.3 


1.5 


12 


1.7 


1.9 


13 


2.1 


2.3 


14 


2.4 


2.6 


15 


2.9 


3.1 


16 


3.5 


3.7 


17 


4.1 


4.3 


18 


4.7 


4.9 


19 


5.3 


5.6 


20 


6.2 


6.5 



The larger trees in the 45 year stand are dominant and intermediate. 
Those of the same diameters in the 65 year old stand, which is on a 
somewhat poorer quality site, are largely intermediate and suppressed. 
The difference thus amounts to from 5 to 10 per cent of the contents 
in board feet. 

Taper measurements of butts at intervals of 1 foot are given in Table 
8. They are useful in converting stump measurements on cut-over land 
into breasthigh diameter measurements. This table is based on age 
class over 75 years, Quality II. The taper would be slightly more for 
younger trees of the same quality, and for Qviality III of the same age 
class ; but somewhat less for old trees of Quality I. On account of natu- 
ral individual variation such a table should only be used in considering 
a number of specimens. 



28 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 8. — Taper of Butts of Loblolly Pine for L'se in Con-vertinq Stump Into Breasthioh 

Diameters. 



Height above ground — Feet 



Diameter 
breastbigh 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


Inches 
























Diameter outside bark — ] 


nches 




9 


n.3 


10.0 


9.4 


9.2 


8.8 


10 


12.5 


11.3 


10.5 


10.2 


9.8 


11 


13.8 


12.5 


11.7 


11.2 


10.8 


12 


14.8 


13.6 


12.7 


12.1 


11.8 


13 


16.1 


14.7 


13.7 


13.3 


12.8 


14 


17.2 


15.8 


14.8 


14.3 


13.8 


15 


18.5 


16.8 


15.7 


15.3 


14.8 


16 


19.7 


17.9 


16.9 


16.3 


15.8 


17 


20.8 


18.9 


17.0 


17.3 


16.7 


IS 


22.0 


20.0 


19.1 


18.3 


17.7 


19 


23.2 


21.2 


20.1 


19.4 


18.7 


20 


24.4 


22.5 


21.2 


20.4 


19.7 


21 


25.5 


23.7 


22.4 


21.4 


20.7 


22 


26.7 


24.8 


23.4 


22.4 


21.7 


23 


28.0 


25.9 


24.5 


23.4 


22.7 


24 


29.0 


26.9 


25.5 


24.3 


23.7 


25 


30.0 


28.0 


26.5 


25.3 


24.7 


26 


31.0 


28.9 


27.3 


26.3 


25.7 


27 


32.0 


30.0 


28.2 


27.2 


26.7 


28 


33.0 


31.0 


29.1 


28.2 


27.8 


29 


34.0 


32.0 


30.1 


29.1 


28.8 


30 


35.0 


33.0 


31.0 


30.1 


29.7 



Taper measurements inside of bark of stems of different diameters 
and heights for middle-aged and old trees are given in Tables 9 and 
9a. The measurements can be used directly in scaling logs of any 
length which is a multiple of 8.15 feet or for ascertaining the number 
of ties or poles of a given size which can be obtained from trees of dif- 
ferent diameters. The height above the stump of any desired diameter 
can be fixed by intei'polation. Tables 9 and 9a should be employed only 
in considering a number of specimens on account of individual varia- 
tion. Age classes less than 50 years have considerably more taper than 
the table shows for trees under 75 years old; while trees more than 150 
years old have less taper than shown for trees over 75 years old. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



29 



Table 9.— Taper Measurements of Loblollt Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. 

Trees Under 75 Years Old. 

40-foot trees 





At breast- 
height 




Height above stump — Feet 




Diameter 
breasthigh 


8.15 


16. 30 


24.45 


32.60 


40.75 


Inches 















Diam3ter inside bark — Inches 



50-foot trees 



4 


2.8 
3.7 
4.5 
5.3 
6.2 
7.0 
7.8 
8.6 
9.5 


2.5 
3.3 
4-1 
4.8 
5.6 

; 6.3 

7.1 

7.8 

i 8.6 


2.0 
2.7 
3.4 
4.0 
4.7 
5.3 
6.0 
6.6 
7.2 


L5 
1.9 
2.5 
3.0 
3.5 
3.9 
4.4 
4.9 
5.4 


.7 
.9 
1.2 
1.4 
1.5 
1.9 
2.2 
2.4 
2.7 




5 




6 




7 




8 




9 




10 




11 




12 









4 


2.9 


2.6 


2.3 


2.0 


1.5 


.8 


5 


3.8 


3.5 


3.1 


2.7 


2.0 


1.1 


6 


4.7 


4.3 


3.8 


3.3 


2.5 


1.4 


7 


5.5 


5.1 


4.6 


3.9 


3.0 


1.6 


8 


6.4 


5.9 


5.3 


4.6 


3.5 


1.9 


9 


7.3 


6.7 


6.0 


5.2 


3.9 


2.1 


10 


8.2 


7.5 


6.9 


5.9 


4.4 


2.4 


11 


9.0 


8.4 


7.6 


6.5 


4.9 


2.6 


12 


9.8 


9.1 


8.2 


7.1 


5.4 


2.9 


13 


10.8 


9.9 


9.0 


7.8 


5.9 


3.2 


14 


11.6 


10.8 


9.7 


8.4 


6.3 


3.4 



60-foot trees 



4 


5.1 


2.9 


2.6 


2.4 


2.1 


1.6 


5 


3.9 


3.7 


3.4 


3.1 


2.7 


2.1 


6 


4.8 


4.5 


4.2 


3.8 


3.3 


2.6 


7 


5.7 


5.3 


4.9 


4.5 


3.9 


3.1 


8 


6.5 


6.1 


5.6 


5.1 


4.5 


3.6 


9 


7.4 


7.0 


6.4 


5.8 


5.1 


4.1 


10 


8.3 


7.8 


7.1 


6.5 


5.7 


4.5 


11 


9.1 


8.6 


7.9 


7.2 


6.2 


5.0 


12 


10.1 


9.4 


8.6 


7.8 


6.7 


5.3 


13 


10.9 


10.3 


9.3 


8.4 


7.3 


5.9 


14 


11.8 


11.1 


10.1 


9.1 


7.9 


6.3 


15 


12.7 


11.9 


10.7 


9.7 


8.4 


6.8 


16 


13.5 


12.7 


11.4 


10.3 


9.1 


7.2 



Stump height 1 foot for tress 4 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, 1.5 feet for trees 17 to 22 inches. 



30 



LOBLOLLY OR KOKTH CAKOLIjN'A PINE. 



-8 
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a 
1 

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12 


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LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAKOLINA PINE. 



31 



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32 



LOBLOLLY OR ]\"ORTH CAROLINA PINE, 



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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



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00050-^— 4C-lrO-^»OiOCO 








NOooco-*(Moor^ioco 




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t-iO-ailMOOOb-lOCO — o 




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l>J-<OOOt~lOrJ<m.^OOJ 




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O-^WC0Tj<U^COC0t^00C3 








'Mc0'^tocot^aoc50*-*c<i 



M 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PIXE. 



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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



35 



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so 1^ 00 00 o o -^ 

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r- 00 c: Ci o ^^ ci 

*- ^ — • — <N <N W 



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00 Cs O O ^N w CO 

^H *^ 04 c) 04 CS C4 



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C^ M C^ CV| 04 M CO 



c<i;sqe<iooc-ic=o«ooc^u5oO(Mcoo5— itoo 


^•■■jiioomustooast^ir^oooooooocseocnoo-i 


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ootot-r^cOQOooaiooo-H^-HC^M-cco^^ 




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tot^oooomesoo-H-Hc^ccr^fc^usu-s-ocot^i^ 


«»u5e<ioo-*r-i^.^cstoc<ioocoo:-s< — csc^i^^ci 


»»-, 00050JO^^«C2M2;'*"'"'=Ot^t^Oo'oOC=oi 


t^CO.-«I^TJ.(MCOiOIMo6iO — t~-<J.OON00-a<-^t^ 


00CiOO^^C^C^C0-<J<-<J<IOtOC0l^0000C5CT>O^»-« 


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OtJI— lOlt^iO — O50iraMOt~IO(MC:>0e0O00lO 




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tOCO*--Ot>-iCC^»-lt^eOIOCOOQO®Tj*-HOt^«OeO 


— 'Ojcocs'wioor-.t^ooooo — ir<ico-*>rairator^ 


-«Cst^lOTl<(MO!00>O-*C<3<MO00tOU5MC^«0st^ 


(MC-)cc-3<u:)Ocot-ooo=o-.e<i(Meo^ioot~t^oo 




lf5CO^H^OOit^cO»0-*>^COC^»-i,-(005000cOWi 


c^eo-^iocoot^cxjoo^-c^ico-^icictot^oocio 


! 





LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIIN^A PIXE. 







■^l0«DC0C0t^t-*C000CaCJOO'-H^HWC^C0C0Tt<M<»O»O 









.-(OOiiC*-HCsiOeOOt0010SiOOt-^CCOOiOOt^C5C5'^0 
OOOOOSOO'-HC^COCOrJiTj*lOCD?Dt-.t^C0050iOO'-<CS 



C0OO'-<»-*(NC0C0'^*0C0C0I>.t^Q0C50SO»-Hi-(WMC0 
r-i<-Hi~lf-li-l^^^Hi-li~t*-li-lr-ti-ii-l^iCsi<NC^C^C^(N 



«ocoo^^»J^r-^Ob^■TJ^^-^cq»o^-^oOlCt--JC5l0^^^ooiC^H|^- 

PO»-t'-HC<IC0'«4<'*»C«0<X)t^00000iOO^H(MC^{r0xt<Tt< 
•-(i-t»-(T-lT-it-i»-t*-(T-(i-i'r-ii-iT-i*-t(NC^(M<M(NC^(MCq 



OO'-iCSie0CCrJ<»0«DCDI>-00OOO'-H^CNe0C0'*J<»CiO 
i-ii-ii-tT-ii-)t-iT-ii-ir-4r-irHi-i,-ti-.C^<MiMC^CS|WC^<MCS| 









(M Cq N (N C^ 



lO CI Oi 
O) CO -^ '^ lO ■» t^ 



C^ Cq (M CSI Csl 



OOOOOiO»-HCs3C^eO^»raiOcOt~^OOCi 



CSC<JC^(M(Md(MC>l<MCQ 



CO'^iCCDeOI^OOOSO'-'C^NeO^iOOb-COOOOO 



C^ C<l c^ CQ cq cq 



N C^l O) N CO 



■^CO»-HOO:r-t^CO':D'^^C^C<)f-t^^Ci05t>-t-eOO^M« 

c<jco^ioiocot~-oociO'-fC^co^icio^or^cociO'-tc^ 

r-l^H^Hi-lr-Hr-lrHi-H»-l<MC<l(MCqC^(MlM<M<M<MeOCOCOCO 






■^lOCOt^OOCiO'-' 



CO Tt* »« CO 



C^C<I£NC^'M<NC^(M 



CO Oi O 1— 
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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAEOLINA PINE. 



37 



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— <M(N-OCO-*T)<-*I« 












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38 LOBLOLLY OR XOKTH CAROLIXA PINE. 

Croivn. 

Brauchlets are commonly borue in whorls of three. They develop 
not only at the tip of the leader, but also at intermediate points along 
the season's growth, the growth of the leader being reerudescent. In 
young rapidly-growing trees there are usually three whorls and conse- 
quently three internodes on the leader in one season (Plate II). Al- 
though the nodes may be close together in loblolly pine, the knots in the 
tree may be distant and irregailarly distributed, as not all branchlets in 
a whorl develop into branches. 

The crown of the young thrifty gi'owing tree is sharply conical, the 
rather slender arched branches ascending at an angle of 45 degrees or 
more. At middle age the crown becomes oval, and in old age broadly 
oval and flat-topped ; the wide spreading branches become stout, irregu- 
larly distributed, and nearly horizontal, with tips slightly ascending. 
(Plate I.) 

Root System. 

The root of the one and two-year-old seedling pine is fibrous and 
diffuse; and, though the central slender taproot is very evident, it is 
essentially a fibrous root system. (Figure 3, c.) With age, the taproot, 
although it remains short, becomes proportionately more prominent, 
and many deeply seated lateral roots are developed. The taproot, which 
seldom descends to a depth of more than 4 or 5 feet, is often forked 
and blunted, and on hardpan and heavy clay soils, flattened or curved 
at the tip; it never assumes the proportion of that of the longleaf or 
shortleaf pines nor descends to such a depth as do the taproots of those 
trees. (Fig. 3, a. and h.) On loose, moist or sandy soils many of 
the lateral and central roots are deep-seated, descending 3 to 5 feet, but 
others lie near the surface of the ground. (Fig. 4, a and h.) On compact, 
and especially on dry, clay soils, the roots are much shallower and more 
spreading. On very wet soils where the water table is prevailingly close 
to the surface during the growing season there is in old trees no well 
developed tap root, but its place is taken by a number of central spread- 
ing roots. (Fig. 4, c.) The gi-eat development of the lateral roots 
probably explains the rapid groAvth of the pine in old fields, where the 
loose, easily penetrable top soils form an excellent bed for the spread of 
such roots. The early culmination of the growth in old fields on the 
red clays of the Piedmont, especially on the poorer soils, may be due in 
part to the check in the development of the lateral root system, as the 
roots fail to descend into the hard subsoil, as well as to the limited 
supply of soil moisture available for the stand. In old trees on loose, 
moist soils, the lateral roots spread for a distance of from 25 to 30 feet 
from the tree, though the taproot is rarely more than three feet long. 
The taproot is much shorter on compact clay soils and where there is a 
hard pan than on loose soils. 



LOBLOLLY OK XORTH CAEOLII^^A PINE. 



39 




i inch 




Fig. 3. a and b. Roots of mature loblolly pines ou upland clays, 
e. Two-year-old loblolly pine seedling. 





Fig. 4. a. Roots of loblolly pine saplings on dry sandy upland soils. (Adapted from photo, by J. S. 
Holmes.) 

b. Roots of loblolly pine on moist but well drained sandy loam soils. Small deep-seated roots 

extending to water table. (Adapted by author from photo, by von Schrenk.) 

c. Roots of loblolly pine on wet soils. No deep-seated roots, but a great mass of shallow roots. 

(From sketch made from nature.) 



40 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PIXE. 



Bark. 

The bark of small trees forms about 30 per cent of their volume; 
that of large trees about 15 per cent. In large trees the bark near the 
base of the tree is 3 to 6 inches thick and forms a great protection 
against fire. Above 2 or 3 feet from the ground it becomes thinner, 
seldom exceeding 1/2 inch in thickness at the base of the crown. The 
outer bark as it falls from the stem foi-ms a mound of debris at the base 
of the trunk, at times 2 feet high and 5 or 6 feet wide. Unless this is 
removed, the stumps are apt to be cut high. The bark is much thicker 
on young thrifty trees than on slower growing older trees of the same 
diameter and height. Table 10 gives the thickness of bark at breast 
height for trees of different diameters and heights, and is an average 
of both young and old. Below breasthigh the bark is much thicker as 
shown in Table 11. 

Table 10. — Thickness of Bark at Breastheight and Diameter op Stem Inside of Bark at 

Breastheight on Trees op Loblollt Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. 

Trees With Diameters Below 23 Inches Are Less Than 75 Years Old. 





Trees 40 ft. high 


Trees 70 ft. high 


Trees 100 it. high 


Trees 140 ft. high 


Diameter 
t breast- 
high 

Inches 


Diameter 
inside 
bark at 
4.5 ft. 

Inches 


Double 

width of 
bark 

Inches 


Diameter 
inside 
bark at 
4.5 ft. 

Inches 


Double 

width of 

bark 

Inches 


Diameter 
inside 
bark at 
4.5 It. 

Inches 


Double 

width of 

bark 

Inches 


Diameter 
inside 
bark at 
4.5 ft. 

Inches 


Double 

width of 

bark 

Inches 


4 


2.8 

4.5+ 

6.2 

7.8 

9.5— 


1.2 
1.5 
1.8 
2.2 
2.5 














g 


4.9 

6.7 

8.4 
10.2 
12.0 
13.7 
15.5— 


1.1 
1.3 
1.6 
1.8 
2.0 
2.3 
2.5 








8 
10 






8.7 
10.5+ 
12.4 
14.3 
16.0 
17.8 
19.6 
21.1 
22.9 
24.7 
26.5— 


1.3 






]9 


1.5 
1.6 
1.7 
2.0 
2.2 
2.4 
2.9 
3.1 
3.3 
3.5 






14 






16 










18 










20 










22 














24 










22.1 

23.8 

25.5+ 

27.2 

28.9 

30.7 

32.3 


1.9 


26 




' 




2.2 


28 








2.5 


30 










2.8 


32 










3.1 


34 














3.3 


36 














3.7 



















Table 11 shows the comparative average thickness of the bark on the 
stump of trees of the loblolly, longieaf, and Avhite pines of different 



sizes ; 



LOBLOLLY OR KORTH CAROLI]:^A PIXE. 
Table 11.— Thickness op Bark on Stump. 



41 



Diameter breast- 
high 


Loblolly pine 


Longleaf pine 


White pine 


Inches 


Measured on diameter — Inches 


2 

5 

10 

15 

20 


.5 
1.6 
2.1 
3.3 
4.6 
5.5 


.2 
•-.4 
.6 
.8 
1.0 
1.1 


.2 

1.0 

1.6 


25 









LONGEVITY AND SIZE. 

The loblolly pine is comparatively a medium-lived tree. The oldest 
group Avhich was measured, consisted of more than 20 trees that had an 
average age of 240 years. The oldest tree recorded was 245 years old ; it 
was a perfectly sound tree, and one of the largest specimens seen, hav- 
ing a breasthigh diameter of 53 inches, a height of 150 feet, 88 feet of 
clear bole, and containing 4,109 board feet (Doyle-Scribner rule) of mer- 
chantable timber. The tallest tree measured was 164 feet high. The 
tree having the greatest diameter was 54 inches, and 139 feet in height. 

The usual age on good soils is about 200 years, with a height of from 
110 to 130 feet, and a diameter of from 2 to 3 feet. On poor or dry 
soils the sizes are smaller and the trees do not reach so great an age. 
On the very dry upland soils of old fields mature trees do not attain 
as a rule a greater height than 90 feet, a diameter above 20 inches, and 
an age of over 100 years. 

SILVICAL REQUIREMENTS. 

CLIMATE. 

Although unfavorable soil conditions are the chief limiting factor 
to the western distribution of the loblolly pine in North Carolina, a 
minimum annual temperature of 55° F., a high atmospheric humidity 
and ample rainfall of 45 inches a year, or more, are essential condi- 
tions for its good development. 

SOIL AND MOISTURE. 

The loblolly pine is not exacting in regard to soil. It grows natu- 
rally on many soils, which differ widely in dryness, depth, compactness, 
and chemical composition. For its best development, however, it re- 
quires a uniform supply of moisture, and a deep, preferably porous, soil. 
On the light loams and the sandy loams of the coastal plain, with the 
water table seldom below 10 feet, it seems to be most thoroughly at 
home. On lower slopes bordering streams along the eastern edge of the 
Piedmont, loblolly pine grows especially well on the deep alluvial soils, 
which are uniformly moist throughout the growing season but are not 
subject to excessive flooding. In the large river swamps, subject to 
frequent and deep flooding by muddy water during the growing season, 



42 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

loblolly pine is unable to maintain a foothold ; on poorly drained soils 
it is capable of establis^hing itself, bvit tlie growth is slow. On the 
thoroughly drained rolling oak uplands, usually with clay soils, but 
sometimes with shallow or coarse gravelly soils, young pine growth is 
becoming common wherever the hardwoods have been cut. The light 
porous soils on fallow fields offer ideal conditions for the rapid develop- 
ment of the roots of the young pines, so that the rate of increment of 
young trees, even on dry, or sterile soils, if recently cultivated, is far 
more rapid than on any, except the best virgin forest soils. (Plate 
TV.) This is especially true of growth in diameter and of early 
growth in height. On the coarse, most siliceous, and extremely diy soils 
of the pine barrens, this pine occurs very rarely except on cultivated 
lands. The wet, peaty, and mossy soils of white cedar swamps (juniper 
bays), the fetter-bush swamps and peat bogs, the w^et sour soils of 
briery bays and pocosons (raw, acid peat) and the wet savannas are 
unsuited to this tree. On such soils it seldom survives more than a few 
years.* On peaty soils, which are so well drained that the peat is de- 
composing and becoming humified, and so aerated that nitrification can 
take place, it reproduces freely and becomes a large tree. On the 
driest savannas and grassy flatwood lands, natural reproduction takes 
place very slowly, perhaps partly on account of the frequent fires. 

Other factors being the same, a uniformly moist or damp soil is pre- 
ferable to either a dry or wet ojie, or to one subject to great extremes of 
moisture or drought, while a porous loam or sandy loam is preferable to 
a clayey or compact soil or to a coarse siliceous one. (See Fig. 5.) 



The loblolly pine requires a full amount of direct sunlight for its best 
development. During the younger stages of growth, and until the 
period of rapid height-growth is passed, it will, however, endure much 
lateral compression of its crown, without being dwarfed or crowded out, 
but its capacity to endure shade and crowding is greatest on good sites 
and least on poor sites. Its greater tolerance of shade on good sites 
is due, at least in part, to the larger amount of available soil moisture. 
It will even bear overshading for several decades and still be able to 
make vigorous growth on the removal of the shade. This power of re- 
covering from overshading, however, is limited to the early life of the 
tree, and to favorable sites, though this limit varies much with the site. 
On moist soils trees 40 to 60 years old can be found beneath a partial 
shade growing slowdy but remaining healthy. On medium dry soils few 
small suppressed trees more than 50 or 60 years old can be found 
growing beneath a partial cover, so that it seems probable that if trees 
on medium soils are not offered light within that limit, they die. On 
dry uplands soils, such as the red clays of the Piedmont, intolerance of 

*The symbiotic mycorrhiza, which occurs on the roots of the pocoson pine (P. serotina) and 
enables it to grow in the wet and unaerated soils of pocosons, briery bays, fetter-bush bays, 
reed swamps and peat bogs, does not occur on loblolly pine, which possibly explains the absence 
of this tree from such sites. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



43 



shade is acquired after the pole stage, and the most crowded trees in 
the intermediate crown class die rapidly after the thirty-fifth year. 
Young suppressed trees left in lumbering recover very slowly on me- 
dium sites, if the trees have passed the pole stage, and the crowding 
was of long duration. In fifty-two measurements made on 50-year-old 
suppressed trees which were growing on well-drained upland clay soils 
in the Piedmont, and which were left after lumbering seven years before, 
only nine shoAved any marked increase in the width of the last seven 
rings, as compared with the width of the preceding seven rings. They 
were selected as being typical suppressed trees, which were too small 
for saw logs at the time of the first cutting. The height growth of 
these same trees during the last seven years was only 22 inches, while 
that of the other trees which showed no signs of suppression was 39 
inches during the same period. The revival of large overshaded trees, 
even if only moderately suppressed and growing on the drier soils, is 
slow or does not take place at all. The stem analyses fail to show that 
any large number of trees on such sites ever passed through any period 
of great or prolonged suppression, but rather that large old trees which 
were growing on drier quality sites invariably made good growth in 
their youth or that the period of suppression was short. On the other 
hand, the diameter growth of trees, which have not been subject to exces- 
sive overshading, is greatly accelerated when given growing space. This 
makes thinning by removing the smaller and crowded trees desirable, 
whenever it can be done without extra cost. Beneath a crown cover 
where about one-half of the light is excluded, young trees on the best 
sites will grow healthily till the high pole stage, though both the 
diameter and height growth are lessened, the diameter growth to a 
larger extent than the height growth ; on the removal of the shade both 
make rapid response to the increased light. (Plate XI Y.) 

The trees exhibit with age a progressive increase in their demands 
upon light. About the period when the rate of height growth becomes 
lessened, the crown spreads rapidly, tending to become round and flat- 
topped, and the branches nearly horizontal. At the beginning of this 
stage there is a rapid decrease in the number of trees to the acre, from 
the dying off of the weaker crowded trees. The decrease in number of 
trees may be as great as 35 to 40 per cent in 10 years. (Table 42.) 
Eventually, except on the very best sites, each tree stands isolated with a 
band of light between it and its nearest neighbors. (Plate XXY.) On 
the poorer sites, especially on the drier soils, this isolation takes place at 
an earlier age than on good sites. Table 2 shows the small number of 
trees in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. On the very 
best sites groups 120 to 130 years old can be found with almost unbroken 
cover. As the crowns become isolated under these conditions, young 
pines appear, while gallberry and similar shrubs always form an abund- 
ant ground cover. In the old-field gi'oves on good sites, the period of 
isolation begins rather late, after the fiftieth year; while on poor sites it 
begins at the thirtieth or fortieth year. On the slow-draining savanna 
land it also begins early and young trees less than 40 years old are very 
intolerant of shade. 



44 LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

Wlieu loblollj pine grows ou good sites associated with hardwoods, 
well-developed old pines overtop the hardwoods, spreading their crowns 
above them and securing full light in that way. The sweet gum and 
yellow poplar are the only associated trees which are not overtopped. 
In such hardwood forests the young pines appearing as single stems in 
openings, endure much lateral compression to an age of about 120 years, 
when they generally overtop the hardwoods. In spite of its intolerance 
of shade the pine succeeds in forming a considerable element in forests 
of the most shade-tolerant species, seizing by its abundant seeding 
openings caused from windfall, fire, or lumbering, and by its rapid 
growth outstripping competitors that would otherwise overtop and sup- 
press it beneath their shade. (Plates XXIV to XXVII.) 

REPRODUCTIOjST. 

Loblolly pine reproduces itself pj,'olifically because of its high per- 
centage of sound seed Avith excellent germinating power, the hardiness of 
the young seedling, and the varying degrees of light, moisture, and soil 
to which it is inured. Its ability to establish itself under adverse con- 
ditions is further aided by the early rapid development of a vigorous 
root system, accompanied by an extremely rapid height growth, which 
begins the second year and soon raises the crown above grass, weeds, 
and slower growing competitors, and by the thick bark which by the 
time it is a sapling affords excellent protection against fire. Xo other 
species can successfully compete with it, under existing conditions, over 
three-fourths of the coastal plain. Xeglected by both cattle and hogs, 
it is subject neither to the browsings which suppress broadleaf species 
nor to the destruction to which the longleaf pine is exposed by having 
both its seed and roots eaten by hogs. 

SEEDING. 

Loblolly pine seeds abundantly nearly every year. From 60 to 70 per 
cent of the seed from large trees are viable. The seeds are light (about 
17,000 to 20,000 cleaned seed to a pound) with large, tenacious wings, 
in consequence of which they are widely disseminated by the wind upon 
the maturing and opening of the cones after frost or late in autumn. 
The greater part of the seed is scattered during the months of November 
and December, but many cones do not open, or entirely open, until con- 
siderably later, so that some seed does not fall until spring. The dis- 
tance to which the seed is scattered varies wdth the height of the trees 
and the velocity of the wind. As a rule in two seasons an area will be 
fairly thickly seeded by wind-sown seed to a distance of 200 yards from 
an adjoining forest of tall, seed-bearing trees, if the prevailing winds 
during the season, when the cones are opening, are favorable. (Plate 
IV.) Seeding is progressive, and the stocking will not be uniform 
but denser near the seed trees. Xear the coast the prevailing winds 
during the winter are from the east and northeast; farther inland they 
are from the nortliAvest. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 





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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



45 



Isolated trees begin to produce seed when about 15 years old. In 
croAvded stands tbe age of cone production is later, between the twen- 
tieth and twenty-fifth year, and production is restricted to dominant 
trees. Seed production is relatively scant, however, until stands are 40 
to 50 years old. 

In the regularity and frequency of its seeding the loblolly pine is in 
strong contrast to the longleaf pine, which bears seed abundantly only 
at intervals of several years, and often no seed at all over extensive 
areas during the intervening period. The pocoson pine produces some 
seed nearly every year, but never any large amount. Its cones often 
remain on the trees unopened for several years, which interferes with 
the propagation of that species and the general distribution of its seed. 
The loblolly pine is more regular and prolific in its seeding than the 
shortleaf. 

The loblolly pine produces its flowers about the tenth of iVpril in the 
vicinity of Chapel Hill, X. C, near the western limits of its distribu- 
tion, and the last of March in the vicinity of Wilmington, IST. C. This 
is too late in the season to be injured by late spring frosts which at 
times interfere with the setting of seed of the longleaf pine in the west- 
ern part of its range in North Carolina. The cones require two seasons 
in which to mature. 

GERMINATION AND PLANT ESTABLISHMENT. 

Most of the seed germinate the spring after maturing, generally be- 
tween the first of March and middle of May, the time varying according 
to the warmth of the season, the distance from the coast and the amount 
of moisture in the seedbed. A few seed apparently lie over until mid- 
summer. South of latitude 35 and near the coast, some seed apparently 
germinate in the fall. Germination takes place either in the shade of 
old trees, or in the direct sunlight, on barely moist to very wet soils. 
Naked earth makes the best seedbed, as the roots striking at once into 
the soil do not dry out. This accounts for the thorough stocking of old 
fields notwithstanding the exposure of the seed to the sun. Seed will 
germinate and the young plants take root in soil covered with a heavy 
sod of coarse grass, such as broom grass which often grows two or three 
feet high. Though the seed will germinate on damp leaf mould of 
broadleaf species and on damp pine leaves (straw) and litter, the young 
seedlings on account of their superficial root system are liable to dry 
out. The seed will seldom germinate on thick beds of dry leaves or 
pine needles, and it is generally necessary to destroy a thick layer of 
litter or to bring the mineral soil to the surface before restocking can 
be secured in such situations.* Occasionally a mossy log or rotten 
stump in the damp shade of a deep swamp has young seedlings on it, but 
during the first drought of summer most of them perish. For the same 
reason the young seedlings secure a permanent foothold with difficulty 
on the coarse and dry sands of the pine barrens which are so porous 

*For full discusi-ion of this see Proceedings Society American Foresters, 1910, page 90 and 
following. 



46 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

and tliorouglily drained that there is frequently insufficient moisture for 
sprouting^ and if the seed germinate the young plants speedily succumb 
to drought. Fields which have been abandoned or left a few years to 
fallow, logged over areas, and burns all form suitable seedbeds. 

FUNGOUS DLSEASES AND INSECTS. 

So far as known the older trees of loblolly pine are subject to few 
destructive fungous diseases. On some low, flat lands, especially where 
fires have burned around the collar of the trunk, the trees are attacked 
by a root rot caused by a species of Hydnum, which may gain entrance 
through fire scars. Only trees large enough to have heartwood are 
thus affected. The upper portions of the stems are also occasionally 
affected by redheart, produced by Trametes pini, which gains entrance 
chiefly at broken limbs and knot holes. Trees less than 75 years old 
are rarely affected by redheart, which is characteristically a disease of 
old age. Another fungus, Polyporus Sclnveinitzii, occasionally attacks 
the heartwood. Seedlings seem to be very free from diseases. They 
frequently turn an olive green' or copper color in the spring, but this 
discoloration is not a disease. 

Wliile comparatively free from fungous diseases, loblolly pine is sub- 
ject to the attacks of the pine bark beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, 
Zimm.), which kills trees through girdling them by the galleries made 
beneath the bark chiefly in the middle part of the trunk. A few weeks 
after the attack the leaves begin to brown, generally at the top of the 
crown. Stands in which rapid natural thinning is taking place are par- 
ticularly subject to attack. Not only are the dying and weakened inter- 
mediate and suppressed trees thus attacked, but sometimes also the large 
and healthy dominant trees are killed. During summer lumbering 
many young trees which are left become infested by the beetle, which 
breeds freely in the green slash, particularly that lying in the shade, 
and spreads from it to living trees. Trees which are bruised by falling 
timber or in skidding are first attacked. Several broods of the beetle 
are produced each season. The broods, Avhich develop early in the 
spring, emerge and attack sound' near-by trees, and as the different 
broods develop new centers of infection are established. In forests in 
which there is a large admixture of broadleaf species the damage to the 
pine by this insect is less than in pure stands, especially in the old-field 
stands. Many of the old-field stands are connected with farms 'and 
where the distance is not too great to permit fuel to be hauled, all trees 
which show by the discoloration of their foliage any signs of being 
affected by the bark beetles should be promptly removed. If infested 
trees are located during the winter and are cut and removed before 
spring the brood will be destroyed. This will check the propagation of 
the insects and prevent them from increasing in number and passing 
to other trees. Wherever it is possible to remove such attacked trees 
without great cost they should be promptly cut. It is more difficult to 
check an epidemic during the spring and summer after the broods have 



LOBLOLLY OR Is^ORTH CAROLINA PINE. 47 

begun to emerge. The Bureau of Entomology of the United States 
Department of Agriculture gives the following method of control in the 
summer when a group of trees is infested and begins to die. Trees 
which are infested should be promptly cut and the bark peeled and 
burned. In addition, "if felled and girdled trees are provided at the 
proper time, so that the beetles will be attracted to them at the period of 
their greatest flight, they will attack such trees in preference to the 
living, uninjured ones ; then, after they have entered the inner bark and 
the broods are partially developed, that is, before they have entered the 
outer bark, it will only be necessary to remove the bark to effectually 
destroy them and thus protect the healthy timber. If, however, the 
removal of the bark is neglected until the broods have entered the outer 
dry portion, it will be necessary to burn it as soon as it is removed." 

A weevil occasionally destroys the terminal shoot of the young tree, 
causing a forked or crooked stem. 

The wood of trees which are blown down in storms or which are killed 
by fires is quickly attacked and tunneled by sawyers, the larvae of 
longiconi and other beetles. In order to save such timber, if it can not 
be promptly used, it should be cut and put in water, or if this is impos- 
sible, cut and peeled of the bark. 

SENSITIVENESS TO FIRE. 

During the first few years of its life the delicate tissues of the young 
pine are entirely consumed by even a light grass fire. After the young 
trees, however, attain a diameter of several inches, the bark around 
their base thickens so rapidly that they are seldom seriously injured by 
winter fires. The inner bark or groAving tissue becomes active several 
weeks later in the spring in the loblolly pine than in the longleaf pine, 
and for this reason also large loblolly pines are less injured by early 
spring fires than are longleaf pines. It is an exceptional case, there- 
fore, for old trees of loblolly pine to be severely injured by early spring 
fires unless they are crown fires. In winter or early spring before the 
sap is active, young trees may even have much of the foliage consumed 
without the fire killing the trees. Late spring and summer fires, after 
the growth of the tree has begun, are far more destructive. 

The fact that loblolly pine generally grows on moister soils than the 
longleaf pine undoubtedly contributes to its greater freedom from fire 
injury; at times, however, even the wet lands and swamps, particularly 
those Avith peaty soils, are badly burned during dry periods in summer 
or in autumn. Such fires are extremely destructive when the humus is 
thick and undergrowth dense. To protect mature timber from the 
disastrous fires, it is customary to burn the underbrush during calm 
Aveather each winter, and in this way to prevent its accumulation. On 
loose, level, sandy soils having the Avater table near the surface, where 
the trees do not suffer from drought, the yearly destruction of a large 
portion of the litter probably affects but slightly the groAvth of the 



48 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



trees. Ou drier, and especially ou heavier soils, suck as the Selma 
loams and Cecil loams and clays, the presence of the forest litter and 
humus is extremely desirable as a protection against excessive evapora- 
tion of soil moisture. The litter in pine forests on such soils, therefore, 
should never be burned. If such stands demand protection from fire it 
should be given by means of broad fire lanes, which can be annually 
cleaned, as discussed later. 

An attempt was made to ascertain the effect of a severe fire upon 
the growth of loblolly pine when the land was foul Avith the accumu- 
lated leaves and undergrowth of several years. Nearly all large areas, 
even the shallower swamps, unless free from underwood, have been 
burned at some time, and often several times, and traces of fire on 
charred logs and stumps are in general evidence, except in some of the 
old fields and fenced areas. A grove which had been severely burned by 
having all the undergrowth of gallberries and other shrubs destroyed in 
the early part of the summer seven years before the examination, and 
which the owner asserted had not been burned before or since that 
year, furnished some conclusive data. The grove was on a well-drained 
heavy-loam soil near Kinston, and had an average age of about 50 years. 
The result of the fire upon the accretion is shown in Table 12. 



Table 12. — The Effect op a Severe Brush Fire Upon the Growth in Diameter 
OF Loblolly Pine. 



Diameter breasthigh 
Inches 


Number ot trees 
measured 


Width of 7 rings 
preceding the fire 

Inches 


Width ol 7 lings 
alter the fire 

Inches 


7 


2 


.3 


.2 


8 


2 


.3 


.15 


9 


4 


.5 


.3 


10 


3 


.7 


.3 


11 


5 


1.1 


.6 


12 


2 


1.0 


.6 


13 


3 


1.1 


.9 



The trees Avithout an exception show a sharp decrease in the width 
of the rings in the year following the burning, while their width gradu- 
ally increased each succeeding year as the trees recovered from the 
effects of the fire. 



CATTLE AND HOGS. 



The chief injury by cattle to loblolly pine is by trampling the seed- 
lings, although the shoot may be bitten off in grazing. Swine rarely 
dig up the seedling for its root. Just before restocking, the presence of 
SAvine in a stand is advantageous since they upturn the mineral soil. 

Squirrels and wild turkeys do not destroy the seed of loblolly as they 
do the mast of longleaf pine. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 49 



SLEET AND SNOW. 

The leaders of loblolly pine are sometimes broken by sleet or Avet 
snow, particularly in the northeastern counties. On shalloAv soils the 
trees are in exceiitional cases overturned by the weight of wet snow. 

WlND-FIRMNESS. 

On deep mellow soils in Avhich the roots descend to a depth of three 
feet or more, the loblolly pine is comparatively wind-firm. On dry and 
shallow soils the roots are not so deeply seated or so firm, and the trees 
are more subject to windfall. The danger is greatest on heavy upland 
clays and on shallow sandy soils underlaid by hardpan. In the old 
fields on the red clays many of the roots often fail to penetrate below 
the layers loosened in plowing. Stands on such sites, if at all exposed, 
are particularly liable to suffer severel}^ after a heavy thinning or after 
culling. The number of windfalls, three years after lumbering on 110 
acres of cut-over land having a dry, compact clay soil amounted to 100 
trees, 8 inches and over in diameter, or about 4.5 per cent of the trees 
left. On the deep sandy soils, the loss from windfall after lumbering is 
negligible. 

THE WOOD A]VD ITS USES. 

QUALITIES. 

. The wood of the loblolly or North Carolina pine is heavy, hard, 
strong, coarse grained, and decays rapidly in contact with the soil. It 
shrinks and checks considerably in drying. In kiln drying the shrink- 
age amounts to about 10 per cent of cross section (not length). From 
3 to 4 per cent of the shrinkage is radial and 6 to 7 per cent is around 
the circumference. In air drying the shrinkage is less.* The shrink- 
age is greatest in the heavy sapwood from the base of young trees and 
least in the lighter heartwood from the tops of old trees. The wood, 
like that of all pine, swells again after commercial kiln-drying whenever 
exposed to dampness. The heartwood is yellowish to orange brown in 
color; the thick sapwood much paler. The soft spring wood in each 
annual layer is nearly white, while the very hard and tough summer 
band is dark brown, the contrast in color and hardness between these 
two layers being greatest near the stump and in the center of the log in 
young, thrifty trees which have fonned no heartwood. Although the 
wood from the upper part of the stem is coarse grained, the summer 
band is very narrow. (Plate X, A.) Because of the great differ- 
ence in density between the spring and summer wood coarse-grained 
boards, when planed, do not readily dress to a perfectly flat surface. 
On the other hand there is great adhesion between the two layers which 
reduces the tendency to split and sliver, so common in many coniferous 
woods. . _ij 



•Bui. 99, U. S. Forest Service. 
4 



so LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PIXE. 

As would be expected from the rapid groAvth of tlie tree the wood is 
mostly coarse grained. Thrifty young trees frequently have as few as 
two rings to the inch near the center (Plate TX, A), while the sapwood 
of trees more than 100 years of age may exhibit less than ten rings to 
the inch. Lumber from second growth trees generally has from 5 to S 
rings of annual growth to the inch ; that from large old trees from 7 to 
10. Ten rings to the inch may be considered fine grained for this spe- 
cies. The green wood weighs about 45 pounds per cubic foot. The kiln- 
dried wood^ average of the tree, weighs about 31 pounds to the cubic 
foot, the specific gravity being about .50. It is about five pounds per 
cubic foot lighter than that of the longleaf pine, five pounds heavier than 
that of white pine, and slightly heavier than that of the shortleaf 
pine of the Piedmont. But the Avood varies considerably in weight. 
That from the lower part of the stem of trees which have hard, 
compact Avood with Avide summer Avood in the annual ring (Plate 

IX, A) Aveighs more than 35 pounds per cubic foot; Avhile that 
from the upper part of the stem of trees with narroAv summer wood 
in the ring of annual groAvth Aveighs less than the average (Plate 

X, A), commercial wood being largely from the lower part of the 
stem averages about 33 pounds to the cubic foot for kiln-dried material. 
The green Avood has a shipping Aveight of 4,200 pounds for 1,000 feet of 
inch boards, while the kiln-dried A\^ood AA'eighs about 3,100 pounds per 
1,000 feet of inch boards. Moisture forms 50 per cent of the Aveight ot 
fresh sapAvood and about 25 per cent of the Aveight of the heartA\'ood. 
While the wood is Aveaker (in proportion to its Aveight) in tensile, shear- 
ing, and bending strength than that of either longleaf pine or Avhite 
pine, it is relatively stronger than that of the shortleaf pine. On ac- 
count of its relatiA'e weakness it is not so desirable a Avood as AA'hite pine 
for certain uses, such as doors and small packing boxes. 

ITeartAvood begins to form betAA-een the twentieth and thirtieth years, 
earlier on good soils and in rapidly growing trees than on poor soils 
and in slowly growing intermediate or suppressed trees. The number 
of rings of sapAvood does not remain the same throughout the life of the 
trees, but increases with age. A tree thirty years old is practically all 
sapAvood, seldom having more than a small core of heartAvood in the 
butt log. Trees one hundred years old have from 60 to 65 rings of 
sapAvood, Avhile trees 200 years old commonly have from 90 to 95 rings. 
Less than one-third of the volume of trees betAveen seventy and one hun- 
dred years old is heartAA^ood ; and less than one-half of the volume of 
trees between 100 and 150 years old. Since the sapAvood of this pine, on 
account of its clearness of knots, uniformly bright color, and freedom 
from pitch is esteemed for interior AvoodAvork fully as highly as the 
heartAvood, the large proportion of sapwood is considered advantageous 
rather than othei-wise. (Plate XII, B.) 

The Avood is considerably less resinous than that of the longleaf pine, 
but more so than that of the shortleaf or white pine. Dr. Chas. H. 
Ilerty, the AA'ell-knoAvn authority on turpentine, says that the oleoresin 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE IX. 




Type of wood from lower part of stem in old field stand. The coarsegrained center indicates large 
knots. This tree became codominant or intermediate when about three inches on the radius. The 
diameter growth was slow on account of the crowding and the stem cleaned of branches. It was 
isolated by thinning when three and one-half inches on the radius. The stem at that time resembled 
that of one of the isolated trees shown on Plate XVI. As a result of this thinning the growth during 
the past ten years has been at the rate of one inch in diameter every three years. While the wood 
formed since thinning is coarse grained, it is clear and free from knots. The large amount of hard 
summerwood is characteristic for flatwoods soils. (Authors illui-tration.) 




Characteristic wood from lower logs of trees in mixed stands, medium fine and even grained. The crown 
of this tree overtopped the hardwoods when it was about sixty years old (at 3.3 inches on the radius). 
Since this period the diameter growth has been at the rate of one inch every four years (seven and 
one-half rings to the inch of radius). This stem is practically free of knots for sLxty feet and the 
wood is of high quality. Nearly the same result can be obtained by the method of cutting which is 
recommended for the best sites which seeks to develop the codominant and intermediate trees to form 
the mature stand, and by gradual cutting eventually to develop the best of the suppressed trees. 
Author's illustration.) 

TYPES OF LOBLOLLY PINE -WOOD. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE X. 




A. Characteristic wood from middle and upper section of rapidly growing: tree. The relatively small 
amount of hard summerwood in this portion of the stem is typical. (Author's illustration.) 




2. I'rtik. jZx 



B. Wood from tree growing on very wet soil, showing characteristic irregularity of grain. 

(Author's illustration.) 



TYPES OF LOBLOLLY PINE WOOD. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 51 

(crude turpentine) of loblolly pine is closely allied in all of its proper- 
ties to that of the longleaf pine, but the volatile oil evaporates from it 
veiy rapidly and consequently it is difficult to collect the material, as 
much of it remains in the solid condition on the scarified face of the 
tree. The relative proportions of volatile oil and resin are practically 
the same in this material as in that of the longleaf pine, but the total 
yield per season is much less from the loblolly or ISTorth Carolina pine. 
The commercijal value of this tree for turpentine is discussed on page 53. 

DEFECTS. 

The most common defects in the wood are extreme coarseness of grain, 
lack of uniformity of texture, and large knots; pitch streaks and small 
pitch pockets, which, however, affect the grade of less than one-half of 
one per cent of the boards and are largely limited to butt logs; while 
in second growth trees, especially those from the open stands in old fields, 
there are large resinous, but tight knots. The wood is seldom affected 
by windshake or hollows. Redheart occurs in less than five per cent 
of the larger logs* and affects less than one per cent of the lumber which 
is sawed from second growth trees less than 50 years old. The propor- 
tion of redheart gradually increases with the age of the tree and is 
higher in trees grown on poor than on good quality sites. 

The wood decays rapidly on exposure or in contact with the soil. 
When kiln-dried or even thoroughly a"ir-dried, the coarse grained and 
more porous sapwood is readily impregnated with preservatives. The 
two most common methods are creosoting under pressure and impreg- 
nating with bichloride of zinc. The wood is attacked by several species 
of wood-destroying fungi when it is exposed to suitable moisture condi- 
tions, the sapwood being especially susceptible to such attacks. The 
most prevalent and destructive of these fungi are Schizophyllum com- 
mune, and the brown root, Lenzites sepiaria, which causes the rapid 
decay of damp undried wood and is particularly destructive to ties, 
piling, etc. Merulius lacrimans and Coniophora cerehella are reported 
as being destructive to large factory timbers, and Polyponis vaporius 
to sills and flooring near the ground. Various species of Thelephoracew, 
by attacking the sugar and starch in the cells of the sapwood, cause 
bluing of undried lumber. "While bluing does not affect the strength of 
the wood, it lessens the value of sap lumber, which otherAvise could be 
used for finish in natural grain. Immersion of the lumber in a solution 
of bicarbonate of soda in water prevent bluing, but it has been aban- 
doned commercially where tried in favor of kiln drying. 

•The large proportion of redheart logs which are cut in certain swamps is from the pocoson or 
black bark pine. 



52 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

USES. 

Loblolly pine lumber under tbe trade name of Xortk Carolina pine 
is used for finishing, packing boxes and construction purposes. If 
sawn into boards the lumber is generally kiln dried and graded, a large 
part being rcAvorked at the mills into finished products. The clearer 
grades are used for flooring, especially when rift sawn (6 to 12 annual 
layers to the inch particularly suitable) for which use it is especially 
adapted on account of the fact that it slivers less than most of the pines, 
for ceiling, interior woodAvork, styles and panels of doors, for blinds, 
sashes, weather boarding and trimmings, and the lower grades for box 
stock, framing and scantling, bridge, factory,* and heavy construction 
work. It has extensively taken the place of white pine or has supple- 
mented it for structural uses, being found in all markets from Pittsburg 
and jSTorth Touawanda to Boston and certain ports in Maine. The ex- 
ports have likewise been steadily increasing, going chiefly to English 
and German ports. 

It enters extensively into car construction, particularly for siding and 
roofing, and into ship, boat and barge construction. A large amount 
of medium and low grade stock is used for box-making, slack cooperage, 
and headings, and it is now one of the best recognized woods in the box 
and slack cooperage trades. Slabs are resawn into lath and copper 
sticks for smelter use, and cut on a horizontal band saw into heading and 
crate stock. A small though constantly increasing amount is used both 
treated and untreated for mine timbers, chiefly in the anthracite fields 
of eastern Pennsylvania. Mine timber is sold by the ton, from 4 to 5 
tons of green timber being required to produce 1,000 board feet log 
scale. The price per ton, green at Norfolk, depending upon the size of 
the timber, varies from $1.50 to $3. It is also cut into veneers, the 
lower grades being used for fniit and vegetable crates, barrel and keg 
stock, drawer bottoms, and the backs of cheap furniture. It is be- 
ing used to a limited extent for chemical paper pulp stock, and this 
is doubtless one of the most important undeveloped uses for the wood. 
On account of the resin it cannot be used for ground fiber pulp and for 
this reason cannot compete successfully with spruce in the manufacture 
of newspaper and cheap book paper. On account of its great weight, 
however, unbleached papers can be successfully made. The wood fibers 
are very long, strong, thickwalled and tough which permits the manufac- 
ture of very superior wrapping, kraft and imitation Manila papers 
which are stronger than the real Manilas. The wood can be treated by 

•Dense wood to meet the proposed yellow pine grading rules for factory structural timber must 
have between the third and fourth inches from the pith one-fourth of the volume summer wood if 
there are eight rings to the inch; one-third if there are six or seven rings to the inch; and one-half if 
the wood averages four rings to the inch. The wood shown in Plate VII, A and B meets these 
specifications. Such wood is produced on the best class of flatwoods soils. (See Loblolly pine on long- 
leaf pine flat land^). The Panama Canal requires only six rings to the inch between the third and 
fourth inches. The Georgia-Florida Sawmill Association requires a minimum of six rings to the inch 
between the third and fourth inches and one-third summer wood. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIXA PIXE. 53 

the soda or sulphate processes to effect the destruction or partial destruc- 
tion of the resin and disintegration of the fiber; or after being chipped 
the resin can be distilled off. There is a loss in weight by these processes 
of about 50 per cent; consequently a cord (128 feet) of peeled wood 
weighing about 3,000 pounds Avill make only about 1,500 pounds of 
paper. At present comparative prices of kraft paper and iSTo. 4 lum- 
ber, low grade timber is more profitably converted into paper than into 
lumber since the very knotty tops can be utilized by the chemical pulp 
processes. A mill at Eoanoke Rapids is now employing such a process 
in the manufacture of kraft paper for wrapping purposes. 

While the Avood of loblolly pine is less suitable than that of spruce 
for the manufacture of composition board on account of the great loss 
in weight resulting from the necessity of using a chemical process to 
disintegrate the fibers, it is, on account of its cheapness and great weight, 
being successfully employed for this purpose. A plant for the manufac- 
ture of composition board is also in operation at Roanoke Rapids. 

It is also being used for the production of Avood alcohol, the resin 
being first distilled after which the alcohol is produced. A large plant 
for the production of wood alcohol from sawdust and waste has recently 
been erected at Georgetown, S. C. The Avaste can also be used for 
the production of producer gas. This is a recent process the employ- 
ment of Avhich will enable a large amount of poAver to be obtained from 
mill Avaste in excess of the requirements of the saAvmill plant. 

North Carolina pine is extensiA^cly used for cross arms for electric 
Avires, Avire poles and for light railroad ties, being well suited for these 
uses after treatment Avith preservatives. On account of its softness 
and susceptibility of abrasion it can not be used as a tie for heaA\y 
traffic Avithout a tie plate. iSTear the coast the timber is extensively 
used for piling; sticks of timber exceeding 100 feet in length being 
occasionally required for this use. Treated with preservatives it is 
being used for street paviug blocks, the heaA-y types of Avood with not 
less than 8 rings to the inch being required. It is very extensively used 
throughout the coastal plain for fuel for manufacturing as well as 
domestic use, and to some extent for charcoal. T^ear toAvns such mill 
Avaste as is otherwise unusable is converted into fuel billets and kindling 
Avood. 

COM^rEKCIAL VALUE FOR TURPEXTIXE.* 

The loblolly pine exudes an oleoresin Avhen Avounded, Avhich is occa- 
sionally in fairly remunerative quantities, but as a rule the yield of 
crude turjientine is so much less than from the longleaf and Cuban pines 
(the common commercial sources of crude turpentine) that no general 
tapping of this tree is practiced. 

The oleoresin exudes from the wounded tree as clear limpid drops. 
However, crystallization of the dissolved acids takes place very rapidly, 
so that much of the material remains sticking upon the scarified surface 

•This section has been prepared by Dr. Chaa. H. Herty, of the University of North Carolina. 



54 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

of the tree as "scrape." This unusually rapid crystallization of the 
mass leads to the consequent rapid evaporation of its content of spirits 
of turpentine. Analysis of the perfectly fresh oleoresin shows a normal 
amount of spirits of turpentine, but the collected gum, after standing 
several weeks in the receptacles, as in ordinary practice, shows a much 
lower per cent of volatile oil. For this reason it seems quite probable 
that if this pine is ever to be utilized on any large scale as a source of 
crude turpentine the usual methods employed in gathering must be 
materially modified. 

An analysis of the crude turpentine from the first four weeks of chip- 
ping in July showed 17.58 per cent of spirits of turpentine, the collec- 
tion at the end of four more weeks of chipping showed only 14.11 per 
cent. The spirits of turpentine thus obtained was found to have proper- 
ties identical with those of commercial spirits of turpentine. The oleo- 
resin is characterized by an unusually small amount, 4.2 per cent, of 
unsaponifiable matter. The rosin left after distillation of the spirits of 
turpentine resembles closely commercial rosin and has an acid number 
of 172. 

GROWTH. 

The growth of loblolly varies considerably with the character of soil. 
In accordance with the rapidity of growth there may be recognized three 
quality classes which are determined by the character of the soil or site. 
The maximum* figures of growth and yield are those for better condi- 
tions than Quality Site I, and the minimum for poorer conditions than 
Quality Site III. Both the maximum and minimum figures, however, 
are averages of stands both better and poorer than the figures indicate. 
The figures of growth which are given for any quality site are averages 
which embrace stands having a considerable range both above and below 
these figures, the limit of range being approximately one-half the in- 
teiwal between a given Quality class and those next to it.f 

Quality Class I. This class includes stands of loblolly pine that 
make rapid growth and produce very heavy yields per acre. These are 
found on loams, sandy loams, and clay loams (particularly those desig- 

*Details of several oi the best stands are given below: 

One-fourth acre had a stand 120 years old the yield of which was at the rate of 12,760 cubic feet ot 
stem wood without bark, and 71,600 board feet mill cut y inch kerf. The total number of trees per 
acre was at the rat? of 216; basal area including bark, 284 square feet; average diameter of the trees 
15.5 inch; and average height of dominant trees 115 feet. (Lenoir County.) 

Another excellent stand which had an ave;age age of not more than 60 years, had a cubic volume of 
9,900 feet of stem wood without bark per acre, 54,200 board feet mill cut, i inch kerf; basal area out- 
side of bark of 233 square feet; and contained 180 trees 6 inches and over, which had an average 
diameter of 16.6 inches. The dominant trees were 120 feet high. (Washington County.) 

The best young stand, 29 years old, was in an old field stand on a moist sit3 in Pitt County. The 
total cubic volume per acre was 7,480 feet of stem wood without bark; the board measure volume j 
inch kerf, 37,277 feet; and basal area outside of the bark 249 square feet. There were 320 trees per acre 
having an average diameter of 11.9 inches. The average height of dominant trees was nearly 80 feet. 

fThe figures which are given for number of trees per acre, height of stand of dominant trees, vol- 
ume in board feet or cubic feet, and basal area per acre for stands on different quality sites at differ- 
ent ages, are averages which would embrace stands having a considerable range both above and be- 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



55 



nated as tlie Portsmouth soil series of the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture) in which the water table seldom sinks 
more than 12 feet below the surface during the growing season, yet 
which on account of surface drainage or porosity are never flooded for 
prolonged periods; alluvial lands, particularly those with loamy soils 

low this average. The wide limits of such variations are shown below in a list of stands of different 
ages, which were referred to Quality IL A (*) indicates stands which s?emed to be under-stocked; a (t) 
stands which seemed to hs excessively crowded; stands which have been thinned are indicated by 
(t). Basal area refers to the area of the cross section (inside or outside of bark) at breasthigh of 
all trees on an acre. 



QaALiTT II Sta.n'ds, Showixq Range of Variation in Average Diameter, in Volume, Basal 
Area and Number of Trees Per Acre. 







Average 


Volume 


per acre 








Height of 

dominant 

trees 

Feet 


Diameter 

breasthigh 

of all 

trees 3" 

and over 






Number of 

trees 3" and 

over 

Per acre 




Age of 
stand 

Years 


Cubic feet, 
wood only 


Board feet, 
1-7' kerf 


Basal area 
per acre 

Square fee 






Inches 










22 


45 


5.7 


2,247 


5,120 


836 


tl46 


22 


50 


4.4 


2,437 


2,536 


1,364 


146 


23 


50 


4.9 


2,367 


2,526 


1,076 


142 


26 


50 


4.9 


2,568 


6,211 


1,173 


156 


30 


54 


6.3 


3,128 


10,600 


800 


172 


30 


63 


6.4 


2,893 


12,362 


559 


•128 


32 


62 


7.3 


3,628 


14,928 


544 


156 


34 


69 


9.1 


4.926 


23,240 


410 


tl88 


35 


78 


7.4 


4,538 


21,692 


519 


152 


35 


68 


10.9 


4,553 


21,905 


260 


•168 


35 


72 


10.0 


5,310 


26,344 


348 


tl88 


35 


74 


8.7 


4,554 


24,432 


400 


166 


37 


70 


9.1 


4,241 


20,330 


360 


161 


38 


74 


9.4 


5,918 


29,550 


440 


t212 


38 


71 


7.7 


4,299 


19,680 


480 


154 


43 


85 


9.0 


4,619 


24,730 


319 


•142 


44 


85 


10.0 


5,096 


26,779 


292 


•156 


44 


85 


10.4 


5,732 


27,374 


310 


182 


45 


87 


11.2 


6,610 


34,100 


290 


200 


51 


90 


15.7 


6,575 


33,813 


140 


187 


52 


87 


9.5 


6,544 


32,290 


410 


t202 


55 


85 


10.3 


5,617 


28,774 


285 


176 


60 


89 


10.7 


6,348 


32,400 


306 


193 


60 


90 


12.8 


6,277 


32,203 


203 


tl83 


62 


92 


10.1 


6,353 


32,309 


333 


183 


64 


97 


13.5 


7,581 


39,715 


210 


208 


75 


94 


15.5 


7.182 


39,958 


144 


192 


80 


110 


15.8 


9,748 


52,888 


160 


225 


80 


113 


15.7 


7,896 


43,745 


1.32 


176 


88 


109 


12.4 


7,329 


39,513 


206 


tl73 


100 


98 


17.2 


6,910 


39,0.37 


110 


•177 


110 


105 


15.5 


7,633 


41,181 


151 


197 



The relation of number of trees, and average diameter to yield in board feet is shown by a com- 
parison of the two 22-year old stands and the 60 and 62 year old stands. Some of the stands given as 
Quality II approach Quality I, others approach Quality III. The second 38-year old stand closely 
approaches Quality III. The 80-year old stands approach Quality 1. 



56 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



which are subject to flooding for only a few days at a time; moist peaty 
soils, where the peat is in process of humification and along the margin 
of swamps. 



Normal m Quality HI 



T. Maximum I 



HE 




Fig. 5. Kolation between loblolly pine quality sites and depth of water table in soils of 
(Jiflferent texture. (Author's illu.'tratioii.) 

Quality Class II. This class embraces the stands of medium growth 
on the great body of the upland soils of eastern North Carolina. The 
soils of this quality class include the greater portion of the flat woods 
(consisting of the more level tracts of JSTorfolk fine sands, loams, and 
silts, as designated by the Bureau of Soils) the Selma silt and Selma 
loam, with the water table usually about 20 feet below the surface, 
formerly largely occupied by the longleaf pine; compact clays occupied 
by hardwood swamps; the rolling loams and clay loams of the N'orfolk 
series, largely north of the Eoanoke River and in Chowan, Gates, and 
Northampton counties, formerly partly occupied by shortleaf pine. 
The usual depth of the Avater table in these soils is from 20 to 25 feet 
below the surface. It is lowest for this quality in the fine grained sands 
and loams. 

Quality Class III. This includes loblolly pine stands of very slow 
growth. The soils characteristic of these are the better drained parts 
of the flat woods, particularly the areas with compact clay soils (char- 
acterized by roundleaf blackjack oak and post oak); the rolling piney 
lands and the Piedmont uplands ; the savannas, edges of pocosons, sand 
hills, and swamps subject to prolonged overflow, or difficult to drain. 
The upland soils as a rule have the water table during the growing 
season from 20 to 45 feet below the surface. The soils of some of the 
poorly drained areas (very level clays, silts and peats are frequently satu- 
rated for long periods during the growing season, alternating in the 
case of clays with periods of semi-drought on account of the large 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XI. 




Fully-stocked stand thirty -fi\e jears old, Quality II, in old field on upland of good quality, following oak, 

hickory and shortleaf pine. The density is good; the growth, however, is beginning to decline, and 

the stand would be much benefited by a thinning. (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 57 

amount of hygroscopic water held by heavy clays which is not available 
for plant growth. 

Old Field Stands. The old field stands on very sandy uplands and on 
clay uplands, particularly those on the Piedmont red clays (Cecil soil 
series) when young fall for the most part into Quality I or Quality II, 
but their rate of growth declines rapidly after a few decades, some- 
times before the end of the second decade, and they eventually fall 
into Quality III. The chief cause for this is that the demands 
of the stand upon soil moisture soon reach the limits of available 
supply. Moreover, on the upland clays the top soil in the old cul- 
tivated fields is at first loose, permitting the roots freely to pene- 
trate it, and has a high moisture carrying capacity. In a few years this 
soil becomes more compact and its water carrying capacity declines. 
This checks the growth of the lateral roots and as the taproot descends 
deeper into the unbroken layer which has never been disturbed by the 
plow, the rate of growth of the tree declines. 

DETERMINATION OF QUALITY SITES. 

The rate of height growth or the height of dominant trees at a given 
age in fully stocked groups is the most ready method of ascertaining 
the quality site when there is growing timber (Table 13). It is de- 
sirable in the case of middle-aged or old stands to correlate height with 
volume and basal area per acre (Table 35), relative height, relation of 
diameter to total height (Table 15). In the case of young stands espe- 
cially on dry upland sites all of these are unreliable factors for predict- 
ing the capacity of the soil to sustain old stands and they should be sup- 
plemented by ascertaining the texture of the soil and depth of water 
table. The original forest type where indications of it remain should 
be examined to determine the uudershrubs and to compare with Table 1. 
Abundance of particular undershrubs is a general guide to this extent; 
a rank growth of gallberry (Ilex glabra) indicates a site highly favor- 
able for the rapid growth of the pine; wire grass (Aristida stricta) and 
loAV bush black huckleberry (Vaccinium tenellum) indicates sites which 
are becoming too dry; sphagnam mosses and evergreen fetter bush 
(Andromeda or Pieris nitida) sites which are becoming too wet. The 
approximate relation of the height of the water table in different kinds 
of soil to the quality site for loblolly pine is shown in Figure 3 which 
gives the results of a preliminai-y study of these important problems. 
The impossibility of depending solely upon height at younger ages for 
interpreting quality site is illustrated in the stand which is presented in 
Tables 14, 18 and 20, column 4. The rapid diameter and height growth 
of this stand during the early decades is followed during the fifth 
decade by an abrupt decline which is reflected by an equally abrupt cul- 
mination in the volume of the stand. On the other hand, the growth of 
the trees in column 1 in the same tables shows a slower but sustained 
rate of height growth, while the decline does not begin until a much later 
period. 



58 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

Since loblolly pine normally grows in a large part of its range in pure 
even-aged stands or groups, there is given not only the rate of growth of 
trees as individual specimens but also the growth and development of the 
average tree in even-aged stands, and the groAvth of the average tree of 
each of the different crown classes, dominant, intermediate, and sup- 
pressed.* 

GROWTH IN HEIGHT. 

Loblolly pine attains on an average a height of about only two feet 
during the first two to four years. After that it at once begins to grow 
rapidly in height. The stage of rapid growth lasts until the thirtieth or 
fortieth year on best sites and until the fiftieth or even sixtieth year on 
inferior sites. Table 13 gives the heights of the different crown classes 
in fully stocked unthinned stands at different ages on different quality 
sites and the periodic annual growth. The periodic annual growth 
which is the annual growth during five-year periods shows that after 
the fiftieth year the growth in height is less than one foot a year. 



*The dominant trees in a stand are such as overtop, even slightly, all others and whose large crowns 
are in full sunlight; intermediate trees are lower in height than the dominant and have slender stems 
and narrow, compressed crowns which receive only a scant amount of direct sunlight; suppressed trees 
are entirely overtopped and receive only such sunlight as filters through the foliage of the taller trees. 
Dominant trees are making most rapid growth both in height and diameter; inteniediate trees are 
yet making rapid height growth, but their diameter growth has fallen behind; suppressed trees are 
making very little growth either in height or diameter. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



59 









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60 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PIjS^E. 

Table 14 gives the height of trees in fully stocked stands for differ- 
ent diameters oii different site classes. 

On best sites in pure stands height groAvth reaches its maximum 
rate between the seventh and fifteenth years. Dominant trees in such 
groups during this period "will often make a growth of four feet a year 
for several years, while the average rate of height growth during this 
period on all sites of the first quality is nearly three and one-half feet 
a year. During the second decade the growth averages three feet 
a year. On poorer sites the rate of height growth culminates later. On 
sites of Quality III, culmination does not take place until between 
the eighteenth and thirtieth years. 

Single trees and small groups of trees growing among hardwoods on 
stiff clay soils attain the maximum rate of growth very late, between 
the thirtieth and fortieth years, and the same is true of some groups 
growing on the most unfavorable sites (Table 14, columns 1 and 6). 
The growth on old fields on the uplands is rapid at first but decreases 
after the fortieth year; such old field stands, therefore, if old, have an 
average rate of growth characteristic of slow growing stands. This 
is well illustrated by the growth of loblolly pine on cultivated soil on a 
very sandy, well drained knoll in the midst of a longleaf pine forest 
(Table 14, column 4). Thus, the average annual growth in height 
during the first decade was 2.1 feet, during the second decade 2.7 feet, 
the third decade 2.4 feet, the fourth decade 1.0 feet, and the fifth decade 
.3 feet. 

The growth on very wet sites, as may be seen from the growth of the 
loblolly pine in mixture with cypress and black gum of the same age, 
is slow. (Table 14, column 6.) The pine, however, had slightly out- 
grown in height the black gum and the cypress. The soil is a loamy 
sand, covered with one or two feet of flowing water during most of the 
winter and spring and often for a few days at a time during the growing 
season. 

The growth of the pine on the best alluvial soil in even-aged groups 
where the competition for the light is keen is very rapid (Table 14, 
column 2). 

The growth given in Table 14 is the average groAvth of suppressed, in- 
termediate and dominant trees. Single dominant trees therefore have a 
much better growth, while intermediate and suppressed trees have a 
much slower growth than that of the average tree. 

Table 15 gives the relation of diameter to height, the merchantable 
length of trees of different diameters on different quality sites, and the 
per cent of merchantable length to total height. Top diameters of mer- 
chantable length are given in Tables 24 to 31. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



61 



T.^BLE 14. — Height Growth of Loblolly Pine on Different Sites. 





Quality 




I 


I 


III ■ II 


III 


II 


Age of 
stand 

Years 


(1) 

Mixed with 

hardwoods. 

Moist, stiff 

chiy soil. 

Stand 
crowded 


(2) 
Best moist, 
loamy, al- 
luvial soil. 

Stand 
fairly open 


(3) ; (4) 

Longleaf 01:ifield 
and poeoson on a long- 
pine flat leaf pine 
lands. sandhill. 
Stand Stand 
fairly open crowded 
1 


(5) 

Dry silt 

sand flats 

Stand 
fairly open 


(6) 

Mixed with 

cypress 

in deep 

swamps. 

Stand 
crowded 




Feet 


10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
60 


7 

20 
38 
60 
7J 
85 
93 
101 
107 
111 
119 
126 
131 
134 
137 
140 


20 
47 
68 
85 
99 
109 
116 


11 
26 
45 
62 
71 
77 
82 
85 
87 
90 
95 
99 
102 
106 
108 


21 
48 
72 

82 
85 


7 
11 
17 
25 
32 
37 


9 
29 
43 
56 
67 
78 


70 




88 


80 






95 


90 








101 


100 










120 










140 










160 










180 










200 










240 























62 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



C 



W w 



1-1 

n 

3 


Per cent 
of mer- 
chantable 
length 


1 ! • ; ; 

1 1 1 '(MCCCC-^'^»CliCi40CDC0'dC0OOC0O<;0CDOCCCCiC0C0 


Merchant- 
able 
length 

Feet 


1 I . iOOOcowo-Htco'*t^c:iO^'MWf^-^-^**.f5in»A 
1 1 I i^H.-4(M<MccccTt*'i!j»i.':;u:)icii-'?<;ocDcoocooococo5p«5 


Ratio of 

diameter 

to total 

height 




Total 
height 
of tree 

Feet 




1-1 

3 


Per cent 
of mer- 
chantable 
length 


1 I 1 ■■^o-»*<<>ir*ccb-Mior--c<occciciooc5oociCsoccy!)Csos 

1 1 1 f(MCCeO'<*^rJ<iOW:iO':DOCOCCcOt005DCDCOCD;DOcOeO 


Merchant- 
able 
length 

Feet 




Ratio of 

diameter 

to total 

height 




Total 
height 
of tree 

Feet 


^-ic<ieoTt<-<S'kOOOt>'i>.cooooocsc5asooooooO'^T-i^^H 




>- 


Per cent 
of mer- 
chantable 
length 


1 1 t .0500«C<10»C^HU^COOC^COCOeOC<JCO(NIC<IC<JC'l<N^H--( 

1 1 1 ii-ic^cC'^'^iococoOt^i>.t^i:^t^b-ir^i--t^t^t— t^r>-t^ 


Merchant- 
able 
length 

Feet 


, 1 , i,-^,-<MeOCCTj*iOCDCDt^t^I>.CCOOOOCiOCCCCCCGOCiOC5 


c3 

3 


Ratio of 

diameter 

to total 

height 


^OOOOOOOSOsCSOOOOOOGOt^Ir-t^Ir^cOcDOOOOiOiOiO 


1 


■p'w)*^ 5? Oit^oioocOf^MC5.<*iC5cor^-^'^r^o<M»oi^cs--eo.-t*iot^oo 

H^-S ^ 


Diameter 
breasthigh 

Inches 


c^eC'*iO'tot--.cooO'^c-irO'*i««Dt^ooo30'^<Mco-^»i7cr)^-nri 





LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 63 

GROWTH IN DIAMETER. 

Table 16 shows the average growth in diameter at breast height of all 
trees (6 inches and over), the diameter growth of dominant trees in 
fully stocked unthinned stands, the diameter growth of dominant trees 
in open stands, and the number of years required to grow one inch in 
diameter. 

All the diameter measurements of standing trees, unless otherwise 
stated, Avere taken at a uniform height of 4 feet 6 inches from the 
ground called "breastheight." Breasthigh measurements made outside 
of the bark are a better guide for determining the growth in diameter 
than stump measurements, as in this way the variations due to the 
height of the stump and butt swellings are eliminated. 

It is often desirable to convert diameter at stump height inside of 
bark to diameter at breastheight outside of bark. This relation is 
shown in Table 17. It can be used in obtaining the breasthigh diameter 
from stumps on cut-over land. (Also, see Table 8.) 

The culmination of the diameter growth often takes place as early 
as during the first decade and seldom later than in the fourth decade. 

Table 18 shows the diameter growth on stumps by decades for typical 
groups on different sites. Column 1 shows the diameter growth of a 
crowded group of loblolly pines mixed with hardwoods on moist stiff 
clay soil. The growth in diameter does not culminate until between 
the thirtieth and fortieth years ; the growth is so persistent that at the 
age of 130 years it amounts to nearly 1.5 inches for the decade. The 
rate of diameter growth, however, is much less than that of the open 
stand given in column 2, which shows a group of trees on loose loamy 
soil on the edge of a pond, near Howard, Bertie County. It is an 
excellent example of persistent and rapid diameter growth, the increase 
between the eightieth and ninetieth years amounting to nearly 1.8 
inches on the stump. Similar, if not better, results can probably be 
obtained from all stands of Quality I, provided they are properly 
thinned. (Plate IX, B.) 



64 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 16 — Growth ix Diameter, on Different Quality Sites, of All Trees Six Inches and 
Over, and of Dominant Trees Six In hes and Over in Diameter in Fclly Stocked Stands ; 
OF Dominant Trees in Open Stands; and the Number of Years Required to Grow an Inch. 





Fully stocked stands 


Open stands 


Age of 
stand 


All trees 


Dominant trees 


Dominant trees 


Years 


Diameter 
Inches 


No. of years 

to grow an 

inch 


Diameter No. of years 
to grow an 
Inches inch 


Diameter No. of years 
to grow an 
Inches inch 



Quality I 



20 


7.1 

8.2 




7.6 
9.1 




10.8 
12.7 




25 


4 


3 


3 


30 


9.3 


5 


10.4 


4 


14.2 


3 


40 


11.4 


5 


13.2 


4 


16.9 


4 


50 


13.2 


6 


15.7 


5 


19.2 


4 


60 


14.8 


6 


17.4 


6 


21.0 


5 


70 


16.1 


7 


18.8 


6 


22.6 


6 


SO 


17.3 


8 


20.0 


7 , 


24.0 


6 


90 


18.3 


10 


21.2 


8 


25.3 


7 


100 


19.1 


11 


22.3 


9 











Quality II 



20 
25 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 




8.2 
9.4 
10.6 
13.0 
15.2 
16.9 
18.4 
19.7 
20.8 







Quality III 








20 


6 1 




6.2 




6.9 




25 


6.8 


6 


7.2 


5 


8.0 


4 


30 


7.6 


6 


8.2 


5 


9.1 


5 


40 


9.1 


7 


10.0 


6 


11.1 


5 


50 


10.5 


8 


11.7 


6 


12.8 


5 


60 


11.7 


9 


13.1 


7 


14.3 


7 


70 


12.7 


10 


14.3 


8 


15.7 


7 


80 


13.6 


U 


15.4 


9 


17.0 


8 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



65 



Table 17.— Diameter Breasthigh Outside the 


Bark of Loblolly Pin 


E AND THE CORBESPOND- 




iNG Stump Diameter Inside the Bark. 




Diameter breasthigh 


Average height of 


Stump diameter 


Difference between the 


outside bark 


stump 


inside of bark 


stump and breasthigh 
diameter 


Inches 


Feet Inches 


Inches 


Inches 


8 


1 1 


8.2 


.2 


9 


1 1 


9.0 


.0 


10 


1 2 


9.9 


.1 


11 


1 3 


10.9 


.1 


12 


1 4 


11.8 


.2 


13 


1 3 


12.7 


.3 


14 


1 6 


13.6 


.4 


15 


1 7 


14.4 


.6 


16 


1 S 


15.3 


.7 


17 


1 9 


16.2 


.8 


18 


1 10 


17.1 


.9 


19 


1 11 


18.0 


1.0 


20 


2 


18.9 


1.1 


21 


2 1 


19.8 


1.2 


22 


2 2 


20.7 


1.3 


23 


2 3 


21.6 


1.4 


24 


2 4 


22.4 


1.6 


25 


2 5 


23.3 


1.7 


26 


2 6 


24.2 


1.8 


27 


2 7 


25.1 


1.9 


28 


2 8 


26.0 


2.0 


29 


2 9 


26.9 


2.1 


30 


2 10 


27.9 


2.1 



Column 4, Table 18, shows the diameter growth of a pure stand in an 
old field on soil quite similar to that on which the group in column 3 
was growing, except that the soil was previously cultivated. The culmi- 
nation in diameter took place at the end of the first decade, with a 
growth for the decade of nearly 8 inches; but the subsequent decrease 
in growth is so rapid, that between the fifth and sixth decades it is only 
.4 of an inch. This manner of growth is characteristic of the dry old 
fields. The rate of diameter growth of trees on longleaf and pocoson 
pine flat lands (column 3), like the height growth of these species on 
the same site, is slow but persistent. As the trees stand well apart, the 
crowns are well developed and the diameter growth is at a maximum for 
this condition. 



66 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIiSTA PINE. 



Table 18. — Diameter Growth of Loblolly Pine on Different Sites Inside the Bark on 
Stumps About Two Feet High. 





Quality 




I 


I 


III 


II 


Ill 


II 


Age of stand 
on the stump 

Years 


(1) 
In hard- 
woo Is on 
moist, stiff 
clay soils. 
Stand 
crowded 


(2) 

On loose 

moist, loamy 

soil on 

edge of 

pond. Stand 

fairly open 


(3) 
On long- 
leaf and 
pocoson pine 
flat land. 
Stand 
fairly open 


(4) 
Old field 
on a long- 
leaf pine 
sand hill. 
Stand 
crowded 


(5) 

On dry silt 

sand flats 

following 

longleaf 

pine. Stand 

open 


(6) 

Mixed with 

cypress 

in deep 

swamps. 

Stand 
crowded 




Inches 


10 


1.8 
4.3 
8.0 
11.4 
14.3 
16.8 
19.3 
21.5 
23.7 
25.7 
28.9 
31.5 
33.7 
35.0 
36.1 
37.0 


5.2 
10.7 
15.2 
19.1 
22.0 
24.4 
26.5 
28.3 
30.0 


2.8 

4.9 

6.6 

8.6 

10.2 

11.0 

13.2 

14.6 

16.0 

17.2 

19.2 

20.7 

22.0 

23.3 

24.0 


7.8 
10.9 
12.6 
13.6 
14.2 
14.6 


1.4 
3.0 
4.5 
5.9 
7.2 
8.2 
9.0 




20 




30 




40 
50 
60 
70 


10.0 
11.3 
13.0 
14.4 


80 





16.2 


90 






17.5 


100 








120 










140 










160 










180 










200 










240 























GROWTH IN VOLUME. 



Cubic Feet. 

As both heiglit and diameter growtli of loblolly pine are most .rapid in 
early youth, the greatest per cent of volume increment is made during 
this period. The contents in cubic feet of the stem of a tree without 
bark or branches, at different ages, is the best index of the rate of growth 
in total volume. The growth of the stem of the trees of loblolly pine in 
cubic feet in different quality classes is given in Table 19. The growth 
in cubic feet of trees in stands on different sites is given in Table 20. 

Board Feet. 

The volume in board feet increases at a more rapid rate than the 
volume in cubic feet on account of the greater proportion of convertible 
material in timber of large diameter than in small. The volume in 
board feet of the dominant trees in stands at different ages is given in 
Table 21 by Doyle-Scribner rule, and on the basis of actual mill cut 
1-7 inch saAv kerf band-sawed. The volume of trees on different sites 
at given ages is given in Table 22. It is probable that the rapid increase 



LOBLOLLY OR NOETH CAROLINA PINE. 



67 



in merchantable volume shown by the fairly open stand on the best, 
moist, alluvia,l soil can be secured from a large portion of stands of 
Quality I by proper thinning. 



Table 19. — Growth of Loblolly Pink in Cubic Feet (Merchantable Stemwood Peeled) and in 
Cords (Stemwood Peeled and Split) Average op All Trees Six Inches and Over in 
Diameter in Fully Stocked Stands on Different Quality Sites. 



Age of stand 
Years 



Height 
Feet 



Diameter breast- 
high 

Inches 



Volume 
Cubic feet 



Volume 
Long cords 



Quality I 



20 


56 


7.1 


5.0 


.05 


25 


66 


8.2 


8.8 


.08 


30 


75 


9.3 


13.2 


.12 


40 


90 


11.4 


23.7 


.21 


50 


99 


13.2 


34.8 


.31 


60 


106 


14.8 


46.7 


.41 


70 


110 


16.1 


57.8 


.51 


80 


112 


17.3 


68.2 


.60 


90 


114 


18.3 


77.4 


.69 


100 


115 


19.1 


85.0 


.75 



Quality II 



20 


44 


6.4 


3.1 


.03 


25 


53 


7.5 


5.3 


.05 


30 


61 


8.5 


8.3 


.075 


40 


74 


10.3 


16.1 


.14 


50 


84 


11.9 


24.2 


.21 


60 


90 


13.2 


32.0 


.29 


70 


95 


14.3 


39.6 


.35 


80 


98 


15.3 


47.2 


.42 


90 


100 


16.2 


54.4 


.48 


100 


101 


17.0 


60.5 


.54 



Quality III 



20 


32 


6.1 


2.0 


.02 


25 


39 


6.8 


3.0 


.03 


30 


46 


7.6 


4.5 


.04 


40 


59 


9.1 


9.1 


.083 


50 


69 


10.5 


15.5 


.14 


60 


76 


1L7 


21.9 


.19 


70 


82 


12.7 


27.3 


.24 


80 


85 


13.6 


32.2 


.29 



68 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 20. — Growth of Loblolly Pine on Different Sites in Volume (Cubic Feet) Exclusive 

OF Stump, Top, and Bark. 





Quality 




I 


I 


III 


II 


III 


III 


Age of stand 
Years 


(1) 
Groups of 

trees in 
hardwoods 
on moist 
stiff clay 
soil. Stand 
crowded 


(2) 

On loose 

moist, loamy 

soil on 

edge of 

pond. Stand 

open 


(3) 

On long- 
leaf and 

pocoson pine 

flat lands. 

Stand 

fairly open 


(4) 

Old field 
on long 

leaf pine 

sand hill. 
Stand 

crowded 


^ (5) 

On dry 

sandy flats 

following 

longleaf 

pine. 

Stand 

fairly open 


(6) 

Mixed with 

cypress in 

deep swamps, 

always wet. 

Stand 
fairly open 




Cubic feet 


10 


2.0 

2.8 

5.2 

11.5 

23.0 

44.0 

69.0 

97.0 

126.0 

157.0 

218.0 

277.0 

338.0 

383.0 

427.0 


3.0 

16.0 

42.0 

68.0 

96.0 

133.0 

177.0 

217.0 

257.0 










20 


3.5 

6.0 

12.0 

20.0 

29.0 

40.0 

51.0 

62.0 

74.0 

96.0 

120.0 

145.0 

168.0 

190.0 


8.0 
22.0 
33.0 
40.0 
45.0 




1.0 


30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


1.7 
2.5 
5.3 
11.0 
17.4 


3.0 

8.0 

16.0 

29.0 

44 


80 




59.0 


90 






76.0 


100 








120 










140 










160 










180 










200 





















LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



69 



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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



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LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



71 



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72 l^OBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



VOLUME TABLES. 



Table 23 gives the volumes of both upper and lower logs of different 
diameters, measured inside the bark at the small end of the log, in (1) 
cubic feet; (2) by Doyle-Scribner rule; (3) band-sawed 1-7 inch kerf; 
(4) circular-sawed 1-4 inch kerf; and (5) the number of board feet ob- 
tainable per cubic foot of solid wood, mill factor. 

The saw gain of logs from the upper part of the tree over logs from 
the lower part of the tree is noteworthy. This is due to the greater 
actual volume in cubic feet of the top logs on account of their taper, the 
volume being calculated on the basis of the average diameter at the 
small end. The number of board feet per cubic foot shows that even 
in converting a tree 14 inches in diameter breasthigh with a band saw 
1-7 inch kerf, more than one-half of the volume of Avood in the logs is 
lost in kerf, shrinkage, and slabs. Even in a tree with a diameter of 30 
inches, the average diameter of logs being 18 inches, this loss exceeds 
one-third of the volume of the cubic contents of the logs. 

Tables 24 to 31 give the merchantable volumes in board feet of trees 
of different diameters and heights in actual mill tallies and in Scribner 
Decimal C, Doyle-Scribner, and Tiemann log rules. The volume tables 
based on the actual mill cut are both for logs band-sawed with seven cuts 
to the inch and for logs sawed with a circular saw with four cuts to the 
inch. Trees less than 50 years old will yield less than the volumes 
given in Tables 24, 26, 28 and 30; in stands 40 to 45 years old about 
10 per cent less; in stands 30 to 40 years old about 15 per cent less. 
The actual volume of trees in a 45 year old stand is shown in a footnote 
to Table 26. This is the actual cut at the mill. 

The volume as given in Tables 24 to 31, inclusive of Table 30a-;, is 
based on straight logs or crooked logs in which the crook amounts to 
less than 2 inches in a 16-foot log. The rule is to scale down into an 
inch lower diameter class logs which have about this degree of crooked- 
ness. In about 30 per cent of the logs cut, the crook amounts to more 
than 2 inches. There is little loss in the cut from crook, however, until 
the crook amounts to more than one-fourth of the diameter of the log, 
which will seldom occur in trees more than 12 inches in diameter. No 
allowance is made in these tables, or in the tables based thereon, for 
crooks which exceed 2 inches, for waste, which is often 5 per cent (see 
footnote to Table 26), or for breakage. In ordinary calculation of 
volume, estimating, or of yield a deduction, which will vary with the 
class of timber and the locality, should be made for losses from these 
sources. On poor sites the deduction for crook may amount to 6 per 
(;ent (Plate XII) ; on good sites it may not exceed 2 per cent. With 
careful felling and cutting the loss from breakage should be less than 
one-half of one per cent. A comparison of Table 26 with the table in 
the footnote shows that in an average operation a deduction of 25 per 
cent should be allowed from the mill cut volumes given for 6, 7, and 8- 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 73 

inch trees, 15 per cent for 9, 10 and ll-inch trees, and 5 per cent for 12- 
inch trees to cover excessive crook, waste and breakage. 'No allowance 
is required for trees of larger diameters. An average deduction of 10 
per cent consequently is sufficient for all except very young stands. In 
practice this loss is covered by the deductions made in the woods' scale 
for crook and breakage. It should be allowed however in estimating and 
volume appraisal. 

Table 32 gives the number of logs 16 feet long, and the diameter at 
the small end of the top log for trees of different diameters and heights 
on which the volume tables of the trees are based. 

Table 33 gives the volume in cubic feet of merchantable stemwood 
(without bark) in trees of different diameters and heights, less than 75 
years old. 

Table 34 gives the comparative volumes with and without bark, in 
cubic feet and cords, number of trees to a cord and per cent of bark, in 
trees of different diameters and heights in stands 35 to 45 years old. 
Quality II, which may be assumed to be an average site and average age 
for cordwood stock. The volumes would be less for younger stands in 
which the trees have the same diameters and heights. 



74 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



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75 



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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 23a — Log Rule for Loblolly Pine. Actual Mill Cut, Circular Saw, 14-lNCH Kerf, Loos 
With Less Than Two Inches Crook. 



Average 
diameter 


Length of log— Feet 


inside 

bark at 

small end 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


Inches 


Volume in board feet 


5 


5 


6 


7 


8 


10 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


7 


12 


15 


18 


21 


25 


8 


18 


22 


26 


30 


35 


9 


22 


27 


32 


38 


44 


10 


28 


35 


42 


49 


56 


11 


34 


42 


51 


59 


68 


12 


40 


50 


61 


71 


82 


13 


48 


60 


72 


85 


98 


14 


58 


72 


86 


101 


116 


15 


68 


85 


102 


119 


136 


IG 


78 


98 


118 


138 


158 


17 


90 


112 


134 


157 


180 


18 


100 


125 


151 


176 


202 


19 . 


114 


142 


171 


199 


228 


20 


128 


160 


192 


224 


256 


£1 


142 


178 


214 


250 


286 


22 


158 


197 


236 


274 


316 


23 


174 


217 


261 


304 


348 


24 


190 


237 


285 


332 


380 


25 


206 


257 


309 


360 


412 


26 


222 


277 . 


333 


389 


445 


27 


240 


300 


361 


421 


482 


28 


258 


322 


387 


451 


516 


29 


274 


342 


411 


480 


549 


30 


292 


365 


439 


511 


585 



Table 23a. gives a proposed log rule for loblolly pine. It is based 
on actual mill cut, circular saw, i^ inch saw kerf. This may be used for 
calculating the amount of lumber which may be cut from logs of differ- 
ent diameters and lengths. 

Tables 24 to 31, inclusive, were made from taper curves by scaling the 
merchantable length in log lengths to the top diameters shown. Logs 
were 16.3 feet long whenever possible, with some 14.3 feet, 12.3 feet, 
and 10.3 feet long to avoid waste. The assumed stump height was 1 
foot for trees 6 to 16 inches in diameter breasthigh, and 1.5 feet for 
trees 17 to 25 inches. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



77 



Table 24.— Volume in Board Feet, Band-sawed 1-7 Inch Kerf, of Trees of Loblolly Pine of 
Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Breakage, Excessive Crook or 
Waste, Which Amount to 25 Per Cent for 7 and 8 Inch Trees; 15 Per Cent for 9 and 10 
Inch Trees; and 5 Per Cent for 12 Inch Trees. 



Trees Less than 75 Years Old. 



Diameter 


Height of tree— Feet 


Diameter 


breaat- 
high 


40 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume — Board feet 


Inches 


7 


8 
13 
19 
25 
30 
38 


16 
23 
33 
41 
50 
58 
67 
78 


25 
35 
42 
58 
70 
80 
93 
120 
130 
140 


34 

48 

61 

74 

89 

100 

120 

140 

160 

180 

210 

240 












5 


8 


60 
75 
90 
110 
120 
140 
170 
190 
220 
260 
290 
330 
380 










5 


9 


83 
100 
120 
140 
160 
190 
220 
260 
300 
340 
390 
440 
490 
550 








6 


10 


110 
130 
150 
180 
210 
250 
290 
330 
380 
430 
480 
540 
600 






6 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 


130 
160 
190 
230 
270 
310 
360 
410 
460 
520 
580 
640 


170 
200 
240 
280 
330 
380 
440 
500 
560 
620 
680 


6 
7 
7 
7 
8 


16 






8 


17 






9 


18 








9 


19 








9 


20 










10 


21 










10 


22 












11 

















LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 25. — Volume in Board Feet, Band-sawed 1-7 Inch Kerp, of Trees of Loblolly Pine of 

Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Breakage, Excessive 

Crook or Waste. 



Trees Over 75 Years Old. 





Height of tree— Feet 


Diameter 


breast- 
high 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume— Board feet in tens 


Inches 


14 


20 
23 
26 
30 
35 
39 
44 
51 
56 
63 
69 


22 
26 
30 
34 
39 
44 
50 
56 
62 
69 
76 
84 
91 
99 
106 
114 
122 


24 
29 
33 
38 
43 
49 
55 
60 
68 
75 
83 
92 
100 
108 
117 
126 
136 
146 
157 
16i9 
181 


27 
32 
37 
43 
49 
55 
61 
66 
74 
82 
91 
100 
109 
118 
128 
138 
150 
161 
172 
183 
195 
207 
218 






7 


15 






8 


16 






8 


17 






8 


18 






9 


19 






9 


20 






9 


21 


72 

81 

90 
102 
110 
120 
130 
140 
151 
162 
173 
185 
196 
208 
221 ■ 
235 




10 


22 




10 


23 




10 


24 
25 


114 
123 
131 
142 
152 
163 
174 
185 
195 
208 
221 
235 
250 


11 
11 


26 




11 


27 




12 


28 




12 


29" 




13 


30 




13 


31 




13 


32 






U 


33 




.... 


14 


34 






15 


35 






15 


36 








15 













LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



79 



Table 26. — *Volume in Board Feet (Circular-sawed 1-4 Inch Kerf) of Trees of Loblolly Pine 
OF Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Breakage, Excessive Crook or 
Waste Which Amount to 25 Per Cent for 7 and S Inch Trees; 15 Per Cent for 9 and 10 
Inch; and 5 Per Cent for 12 Inch. 

Trees Under 75 Years Old. 



Diameter 


Height of tree— Feet 


Diameter 


breast- 
high 


40 


50 


60 


70 


80 ' 


90 


100 


110 


120 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume — Board feet 


Inches 


7 


7 
11 
17 
22 
26 
33 


14 
20 
29 
36 
44 
51 
59 
69 


22 
31 
37 
51 
62 
70 
82 
106 
114 
123 


30 
42 
54 
65 
79 
88 
106 
123 
139 
157 
185 
210 












5 


8 


53 
66 
79 
97 
106 
121 
148 
167 
194 
229 
255 
290 
334 










5 


9 


71 
88 
106 
123 
141 
167 
194 
220 
264 
299 
343 
387 
431 
484 








6 


10 


97 
114 
132 
158 
185 
220 
255 
290 
334 
378 
422 
493 
528 






6 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 


114 
141 
167 
202 
238 
273 
317 
361 
,405 
458 
510 
563 


150 
176 
211 
264 
290 
334 
387 
440 
493 
548 
598 


6 

7 
7 
7 
g 


16 






g 


17 






g 


18 








9 


19 








9 


20 










10 


21 










10 


22 












11 

















•An operation in Gates County, North Carolina, yielded at the mill from two stands, one aver- 
aging 45 years old (Quality site I), and one averaging 60 years old (Quality site II to III), the following 
volumes in board feet (circular saw 1-4 inch kerf). As was to be expected, the younger trees, although 
taller, gave the lower yield. 



Diameter 


Top dia- 
meter 

Inches 


Age 45 years 


Age 60 years 


breast- 
high 

Inches 


Height 
of tree 

Feet 


Used 
length 

Feet 


Actual 
mill cut 

Board 
feet 


Basis 


Height 
of tree 

Feet 


Used 
length 

Feet 


Actual 
mill cut 

Board 
feet 


Basis 


8 


4.9 
5.5 
5.9 
6.3 

6.7 
7.1 
7.5 
7.9 
8.2 
8.5 
8.8 


77 
79 
81 
82 
83 

81 
85 
86 
86 
88 
89 


40 
43 
46 
48 
50 
53 
55 
57 
59 
60 
61 


27 
43 
49 
64 
83 
112 
145 
180 
216 
256 
290 


1 

7 

23 

39 

27 

38 

20 

7 

7 

2 

3 










9 










10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 


77 
78 
79 
80 
82 
84 
86 
88 
90 


57 
60 
62 

64 
66 
68 
70 
71 
72 


54 
71 
92 
116 
155 
188 
224 
247 
330 


15 
27 
27 
29 
25 
21 
22 
8 
3 



The mill loss in this case could have been considerably bssened by a better disposition of log 
lengths. Logs were chiefly cut in 16 foot lengths. By cutting more shorter logs fewer crooks would 
have been left in the middle of the logs and the loss in slabbing reduced. In this operation there 
was an average of 11 linear feet of sound stem, 5 inches and over in diameter at the small end left in 
the tops. This additional volume, entirely box and cull, amounted to about 7 board feet (circular- 
sawed) per tree. 



so 



LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 27. — Volume ik' Board Feet (Circular-sawed 1-4 Inch Kerf) of Trees of Loblolly 

Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive 

Crook, Waste or Break.\ge. 



Trees Over 75 Years Old. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high 


Height of tree— Feet 


Diameter 


90 


100 ; 


110 1 120 


130 


140 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume — ^Board feet 


Inches 


14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 


176 

202 

229 

264 

308 ' 

343 

387 

449 

493 

554 

607 


194 

229 

264 

299 

343 

387 

440 

493 

548 

607 

669 

739 

801 

870 

933 

1,003 

1,074 




211 
255 

290 

334 

378 

431 

484 

528 

598 

660 

730 

820 

880 

950 

1,030 

1,109 

1,197 

1,285 

1,382 

1,482 

1,583 


238 

282 

326 

373 

431 

484 

537 

581 

651 

722 

810 

880 

959 

1,038 

1,126 

1,214 

1,320 

1,417 

1,514 

1,610 

1,716 

1,822 

1,918 






7 






8 






8 






8 






9 






9 






9 


634 

713 

792 

898 

968 

1,056 

1,144 

1,232 

1,329 

1,426 

1,522 

1,628 

1,725 

1,830 

1,944 

2,068 




10 




10 




10 


1,003 
1,082 
1,153 
1,250 
1,338 
1,434 
1,531 
1,628 
1,716 
1,830 
1,944 
2,068 
2,200 


11 
11 


26 




11 


27 




12 


28 




12 


29 




13 


30 




13 


31 




13 


32 






14 


33 






14 


34 






15 


35 






15 • 


36 








15 











LOBLOLLY OK NOKTH CAKOLINA PINE. 



81 



Table 28.-Volumb Scaled by Doyle-Scribner Rule of Trees op Loblolly Pine of Differ- 
ent Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crook. 

Trees Less Than 75 Years Old. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high 


Height of tree— Feet 






Diameter 

inside 

bark of 

top 


40 


50 


60 


70 80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


Inches 


Volume — ^Board feet 


Inches 




2 
3 
5 
8 
12 


3 
7 
9 
15 
23 
30 
40 


4 
9 
15 
23 
34 
45 
59 
69 
83 


6 
13 
21 
32 
45 
60 
77 
98 
120 
150 
170 


8 

16. 
27 
39 
55 
73 
94 
120 
150 
180 
220 
260 
300 










5 












6 


9 


32 
45 
63 
84 
110 
140 
170 
210 
250 
300 
350 
410 
470 


35 
51 
71 
95 
120 
150 
190 
240 
280 
330 
390 
450 
520 






6 


10 






6 


11 
12 
13 
14 

15 


79 
110 
130 
170 
210 
260 
310 
360 
420 
490 
560 


88 
120 
150 
180 
220 
270 
330 
390 
450 
520 
600 


7 
7 
7 
8 


16 






8 


17 






9 


18 








9 


19 
20 
21 

22 








9 










10 










10 












11 












1 - 



Table 29.— Volume Scaled by Doyle-Scribner Rule of Trees of Loblolly Pine[of Different 
Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crook. 

Trees Over 75 Years Old. 



Diameter 

breast- 
high 

Inches 



14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 







Height of tree— Feet 






Approximate 
diameter 


90 


100 


110 


120 


130 


140 


inside 

bark of 

top 




V( 


)lume— Board feet in ten 


s 




Inches 


11 
14 
18 
22 
26 
31 
36 
42 
47 
53 
58 


13 
17 
21 
25 
30 
35 
41 
47 
54 
60 
67 
75 
83 
91 
99 
108 
116 


15 
20 
24 
29 
34 
39 
46 
52 
60 
67 
75 
83 
92 
101 
111 
121 
131 
141 
153 
164 
175 


17 
22 
26 
32 
37 
43 
49 
57 
64 
73 
81 
91 
101 
111 
121 
132 
143 
155 
167 
179 
191 
204 
216 






8 






8 






8 






8 






9 






9 


52 
61 
69 
77 
87 
98 
108 
119 
131 
143 
155 
167 
179 
192 
204 
217 
229 




9 




10 




10 




10 


93 

104 
115 
127 
141 
154 
166 
178 
190 
203 
215 
228 
241 


11 
11 




11 




12 




12 




13 




13 




13 






14 






14 






15 






15 








15 











82 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIXA PIXE. 



Table 30. — Volume Scaled by Scribn'er Decimal C Rule op Trees of Loblolly Pine or Dif- 
ferent Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crook. 

Trees Less Than 75 Years Old. 





Height of tree — Feet 


Diameter 


breast- 
high 


40 


50 


60 


70 80 I 90 

i 1 


100 


1 110 


120 


insitle 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume— Board feet 


Inches 


8 


5 
12 
IS 
25 
32 
40 


13 
22 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 


21 

32 
42 
54 
66 
81 
97 
110 
120 


27 

42 

55 

68 

83 

100 

120 

140 

160 

190 

220 












5 


9 


52 

65 

81 

99 

120 

150 

170 

200 

230 

270 

300 

330 










6 


10 










6 


11 


93 
110 
140 
170 
200 
230 
270 
310 
350 
400 
460 
520 








6 


12 
13 
14 
15 


130 
160 
190 
220 
260 
300 
350 
400 
460 
510 
570 


140 
170 
200 
240 
280 
330 
380 
430 
490 
550 
620 


150 
180 
220 
260 
300 
350 
410 
460 
520 
590 
660 


7 
7 
7 
8 


16 






8 


17 






9 


18 


-- 






9 


19 








9 


20 










10 


21 










10 


22 












11 

















Table 30a. — Volume Scaled by Scribner Decimal C Rule of Tree.s of Loblolly Pine op Dif- 
ferent Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crook. 

Trees Over 75 Years Old. 





Height of tree — ^Feet 


Diameter 


breast- 
high 


90 


100 


110 120 


130 


140 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 






Volume — ^Board feet in 


tens 




Inches 


14 


18 
21 
24 
27 
31 
36 
41 
46 
51 
57 
62 


20 
23 
27 
31 
36 
41 
47 
53 
60 
66 
73 
81 
89 
97 
106 
115 
124 


22 

26 

30 

35 

40 

46 

52 

59 

66 

74 

82 

91 

99 

109 

118 

128 

138 

150 

161 

172 


24 

29 

33 

38 

44 

50 

57 

64 

72 

81 

90 

99 

109 

119 

129 

140 

151 

163 

175 

187 






8 


15 






8 


16 






s 


17 






8 


18 






9 


19 


53 

61 

69 

78 

87 

96 

106 

117 

128 

139 

150 

162 

175 

188 

201 

214 

227 

240 




9 


20 




9 


21 




10 


22 




10 


23 




10 


24 
25 


102 
113 
124 
135 
147 
159 
171 
186 
198 
213 
225 
238 
251 


11 
11 


26 




11 


27 




12 


28 




12 


29 




13 


30 




13 


31 




13 


32 






14 


33 






14 


34 






184 1 200 


15 


35 








213 
227 


15 


36 









15 













LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



83 



Table 31. — Volume Scaled by Tiemann Log Rule (1-8 Inch Saw Kerf) op Trees of Loblolly 
Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crgok. 

Trees Less Than 75 Years Old. 











Height of tree^Feet 








Approximate 


breast- 
high 


40 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


inside 
bark of 


Inches 


Volume— Board feet in tens 


Inches 


7 


.5 

1 

2 

2 

3 

4 


1 
2 
3 

4 
5 

6 

8 
9 


1 
2 
4 
5 
7 
8 
10 
12 
14 


2 

3 

5 

6 

8 

10 

13 

15 

18 

21 

24 

28 












5 


8 


4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
15 
18 
21 
25 
29 
33 
37 
42 










5 


9 










6 


10 


9 
11 
13 
17 
20 
24 
28 
32 
37 
42 
48 








6 


11 








6 


12 
13 
14 
15 


14 
18 
22 
26 
31 
35 
40 
46 
53 
60 
67 


15 
19 
23 
28 
33 
38 
44 
50 
57 
64 
72 


20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
46 
53 
60 
67 
76 


7 
7 
7 
g 


16 






g 


17 








9 


* 18 








g 


19 








9 


20 










10 


21 










10 


22 














11 



















Table 31a. — Volume Scaled by Tiemann Log Rule (1-8 Inch Saw Kerf) of Trees of Loblolly 
Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. No Allowance for Excessive Crook. 

Trees Over 75 Years Old. 





Height of tree— Feet 


Approximate 


breast- 
high 


90 100 110 120 


130 


140 


inside 

bark of 

top 


Inches 


Volume— Board feet in tens 


Inches 


14 


18 
23 
27 
32 
37 
43 
48 
54 
59 
66 
72 


23 

27 

32 

37 

43 

49 

54 

61 

68 

75 

83 

91 

99 

108 

117 

125 

134 


26 

31 

35 

41 

47 

53 

60 

68 

76 

83 

92 

101 

109 

118 

129 

138 

147 

157 

168 

179 

190 








8 


15 








8 


16 








8 


17 








8 


18 


50 

57 

65 

73 

82 

91 

100 

109 

119 

129 

140 

150 

161 

171 

183 

195 

208 

221 

233 






9 


19 






9 


20 


69 
79 
88 
98 
107 
118 
128 
139 
150 
161 
173 
185 
197 
210 
222 
235 
249 




9 


21 




10 


22 




10 


23 




10 


24 
25 


115 
126 
137 
148 
159 
171 
185 
198 
210 
222 
235 
248 
261 


11 
11 


26 




11 


27 




12 


28 




12 


29 




13 


30 




13 


31 




13 


32 






14 


33 






14 


34 






15 


35 






15 


36 








15 













84 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



■s 

1 


o 
2; 


do; 
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6.7 
7.2 
7.4 
7.9 
8.2 
8.8 
9,1 
9.6 
9.8 
10.3 
10.8 


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;:^ is; :s; :s iS is^ i^ 


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LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



85 



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1 




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86 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 33. — Volume in Cubic Feet of Merchantable Stem Wood* Without Stump or Bark of 
Trees of Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters and Heights. 



Age Less Than 75 Years. 





Height— Feet 


breast- 
high 


20 


30 


40 


50 


60 


70 80 


90 


100 110 


120 


Inches 


Merchantable cubic feet 


6 


1.3 
1.7 
2.0 


1.8 
2.4 
3.0 


2.4 
3.3 
4.2 
5.3 
6.9 
8.2 
9.5 


3.2 
4.2 
5.6 
7.0 
9.4 
11.2 
13.5 
16.0 
18.0 


4.2 
5.2 
7.1 
9.0 
11.9 
14.2 
17.0 
20.0 
23.0 
26.0 
29.0 


5.3 
7.2 
9.1 
11.5 
14.4 
17.2 
20.5 
24.0 
27.5 
31.5 
36.5 
41.0 
45.5 
50.5 
55.5 
60.5 
66.0 


6.3 
8.7 
11.1 
13.0 
16.4 
20.2 
23.5 
28.0 
32.0 
36.5 
42.5 
48.0 
54.0 
59.5 
66.5 
72.5 
79.0 
85.5 
91.5 
98.0 










7 


9.7 
12.1 
15.0 
18.4 
22.2 
26.0 
31.0 
36.0 
41.5 
48.0 
54.5 
61.0 
68.5 
76.0 
83.5 
91.0 
100.0 
109.0 
118.5 
127.5 


10.7 
13.6 
16.5 
19.9 
23.7 
28.5 
34.0 
39.5 
46.0 
53.0 
60.0 
68.0 
75.5 
83.5 
92.5 
101.5 
113.5 
123.0 
134.0 
145.0 
156.0 
167.5 
179.5 
193.0 






8 






9 






10 






20.9 
25.2 
31.0 
36.5 
42.5 
49.5 
57.0 
65.0 
73.0 
81.5 
90.5 
100.0 
110.5 
125.0 
137.0 
148.5 
160.5 
172.0 
184.5 
197.5 
211.0 




11 








12 






33 


13 






39.0 


14 








45.5 


15 








53.0 


16 










61.0 


17 










69 


18 












77 5 


19 












86 5 


20 












96 5 


21 












106.5 


22 












117.5 


23 












135.5 


24 














150.0 


25 














162.0 


26 














175.0 


27 
















188.0 


28 


















201.0 


29 


















214.5 


30 
















-- 


229.0 


















" 





* Tops included to a diameter of 3 inches in small trees, and about 5 inches in trees 14 
inches and over. If no knotty top-wood is to be included, a deduction, increasing with the 
diameter, of from 5 to 10 per cent should be made. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



87 



Table 34. — Volume of Trees op Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters .\nd Heights, Qual- 
ity II, Age 35 to 45, in Cubic Feet, and in Cords, With and Without Bark; Number of 
Trees to a Cord, and Proportion of B.\rk, W'ithout Stump or Top Bclow 3 Inches. (For 
Range of Heights See Table 13.) 







Without bark 








With bark 




Didmeter 
breast- 
high 


Volume 
per tree 


Number 
of trees 

to a 
cord of 
160 ft. 


Per 

cent of 

bark 


Volume 
per tree 


Number 


Number 
of trees 

to a 
cord of 
160 ft. 


Inches 


Cu. ft. 


Cords 

of 160 

ft. 


Cu. ft. 


Cords 
of 128 

ft. 


Oi Ulctr-o 

to a 
cord of 
128 ft. 


Cords 

of 160 

ft. 


6 


3.6 


.031 


33 


31 


5.2 


.064 


15.5 


.051 


19.5 


7 


5.1 


.048 


21 


30 


7.0 


.086 


11.6 


.069 


14.5 


8 


7.9 


.08 


12 


29 


11.1 


.133 


7.5 


.106 


9.4 


9 


11.0 


.11 


9 


28 


15.3 


.172 


5.8 


.138 


7.4 


10 


14.8 


.14 


7 


27 


20.3 


.227 


4.4 


.182 


5.5 


11 


19.0 


.18 


5.3 


26 


25.7 


.281 


3.6 


.225 


4.5 


12 


23.2 


.21 


5 


25 


30.9 


.336 


3. 


. .269 


3.8 


13 


28.3 


.26 


4 


24 


37.2 


.406 


2.5 


.325 


3.1 


14 


33.2 


.3 


3.3 


23 


43.1 


.469 


2.1 


.375 


2.6 


15 


38.5 


.35 


2.9 


22 


49.3 


.531 


1.9 


.425 


2.4 


16 


45.3 


.41 


2.5 


21 


57.3 


.625 


1.6 


.50 


2 


17 


51.3 


.46 


2.1 


20 


64.1 


.695 


1.4 


.556 


1.8 


18 


57.5 


.52 


1.9 


19 


71.0 


.773 


1.3 


.618 


1.6 



The per cent of solid wood to a cubic foot of piled cordwood varies 
with the diameter of the tree when the wood is cut in 4 or 5 foot lengths. 
With trees below 7 inches in diameter it is 63 per cent; trees 7 to 9 
inches, it is 69 per cent ; trees 10 inches and over, if the larger pieces are 
split, is is 72 per cent. By combining this with columns 8 and 9, Table 
23, a factor is obtained showing the number of board feet per long cord 
of bolts. This gives a yield of 616 board feet from a cord of peeled 
wood from 7-inch trees cut in 4-foot bolts; and about 750 board feet per 
cord of wood from trees 10 inches in diameter. When wood is in pieces 
longer than 5 feet the per cent of solid Avood is somewhat less than is 
given and the number of board feet per cord somew^hat smaller. 

YIELD OF PURE EVEN-AGED STANDS. 

Loblolly pine characteristically forms over large areas pure stands 
which are to a great extent even-aged. While it also grows in mixed 
stands and j)ure uneven-aged stands, its occurrence in pure even-aged 
stands is of chief importance on account of their large yield, the ease 
with which they are logged, and the simplicity of their management. 

On the basis of 90 plots laid off in stands of different ages and under 
different conditions of growth yield tables Avere constructed for even-aged 
stands of loblolly pine. The plots were fully stocked with normally de- 
veloped crowns and stems. Yield tables have a two-fold value. They 
.show the approximate yield per acre which can be expected at any given 
age when the quality site is known or can be determined. They also shoAv 
the time at which a stand produces the largest amount of wood, and by 
determining its quality or grade yield, the time when it has the greatest 
value. 



88 LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

In Cubic Feet and Cords. 

Table 35 gives tlie yield in cubic feet of all trees 3 inches and over in 
diameter in fully stocked untliinned stands of loblolly pine on different 
quality sites at diiferent ages. This embraces only the volume of stem 
wood without bark to a diameter of 3 inches (see foot note to Table 33). 
The average annual increment for the entire period and for five year 
periods is given. The basal area, showing in square feet the sum of the 
cross sections of all trees inside the bark at breast height, is also given. 
The basal area of stands on very di*y soils often declines after 30 years ; 
and if the basal area is measured outside the bark it declines in all 
stands after they are 40 or 50 years old except those on the best sites.* 
Table 36 gives the yield of stem wood of trees 6 inches and over Avithout 
bark. Table 37 gives the yield in cubic feet and cords of all merchantable 
trees 6 inches and over in diameter without stump, bark and top. 

*While the basal area af the wood only inside of bark increases in stands up to 100 years of age and 
more, the basal area measured outside of the bark soon begins to decline. This is due to the propor- 
tional greater thickness of the bark in small trees than in large ones. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIiSTA PINE. 



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90 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 36. — Yield Per Acre in Cubic Feet of Stem Wood, Without Bark, but Including Stumps 
AND Tops of All Trees Six Inches and Over Breasthigh in Fully Stocked Unthinned 
Stands of Loblolly Pine at Different Ages on Different Quality Sites. 





Maximum 

Cu. ft. 
per acre 


Quality 




Age 

Years 


Cu. ft. 
per acre 


I 

1 Annual 

Per cent of 

increase 

, in volume 

preceding 

5 years 


11 


III 


Minimum 


Cu. ft. 
per acre 


Annual 
Per cent of 

increase 
in volume 
preceding 

5 years 


1 Cu. ft. 
per acre 


Annual 
Per cent of 
_ increase 
in volume 
preceding 

5 years 


Cu. ft. 
per acre 


15 


1,400 
2,560 
4,350 
5,790 
6.650 
7,300 
7,750 
8,150 
8,470 
8,730 
8,940 
9,110 
9,250 
9,380 
9,480 
9,570 
9,660 
9,730 


1,050 
2,200 
3,600 
4,900 
5,790 
6,430 
6,940 
7,300 
7,600 
7,850 
8,040 
8,240 
8,400 
8,520 
8,600 
8,650 
8,700 
8,730 




600 
1,430 
2,400 
3,360 
4,160 
4,830 
5,330 
5,700 
6,000 
6,230 
6,410 
6,540 
6,650 
6,740 
6,810 
6,870 
6,920 
6,950 










20 






600 
1,270 
1,980 
2,700 
3,260 
3,700 
4,070 
4,350 
4,550 
4,720 
4,850 
4,940 
4,990 
5,050 
5,070 
5,100 
5,120 


1 


25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 


8.3 

2.8 

1.3 

.7 

.5 


8.9 
3.7 
1.7 

.9 

.55 


12.7 
5.1 
2.2 
1.1 
.6 


650 
1,100 
1,700 
2,260 
2,750 
3,100 


55 








2,360 


60 








3,560 


65 








3,730 


70 








3,850 


75 








3,950 


80 








4,000 


85 








4,050 


90 








4,100 


95 








4,860 


100 








4,910 













Table 37 gives practically the material Avliicli Avoiild be available for 
conversion into bolts, beading, staves, box boards, or for paper pulp stock. 
The yield is given both in long cords of 160 cubic feet Avithout bark and 
in standard cords of 128 cubic feet Avith bark. The greatest average 
annual yield in standard cords on Quality I is obtained by cutting the 
stand at about the age of 30 years; or Quality II at about 40 years; or 
Quality III at about 50 years. In old field stands on dry sites there is 
an actual decline in the A'oluine of the stand betAVeen 40 and 60 years 
of age, according to site. This is due to the rapid natural thinning as 
the trees become intolerant of shade or AA'hen the demands on soil mois- 
ture increase above the available supply. Plate XVI shoAvs Quality II 
stand at the age of greatest average annual yield. 



hi Board Feet. 

Table 38 gives the yield in board feet, 1-7 inch saAv kerf, of all trees 
6 inches and OA'er in diameter breasthigh in fully stocked unthinned 
stands of loblolly pine on different quality sites at different ages, on 
the basis of three to four logs to the large trees and of top diameters 
giA^en in Table 32. No alloAvance is made in this and folloAving tables 
for crooked logs in Avhich the crookedness exceeds 2 inches for Avaste or 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



91 



Table 37. — ^Yield Per Acre in Cubic Feet, and in Cords With and Without Bark of Stem Wood 
Without Stump and Without Top Below Three Inches of All Trees Six Inches and Over 
IN Diameter in Fully Stocked, Unthinned Stands of Loblolly Pine at Different Ages 
on Different Quality Sites. 









Quality 






Age 
of stand 

Years 


I 


II 


III 


Cubic feet merchantable wood without stump, oi 


bark, and top to 3 inches 


20 
25 
30 
40 
50 
60 


2.100 
3,500 
4.775 
6.385 
7,125 


1,330 
2,300 
2,260 
4,700 
5,550 


1,200 
1,900 
3.160 
3,950 
4,410 


Total 


Average 
annual yield 


Total 


Average 
annual yield 


Total 


Average 
annual yield 


yield 




Entire 
period 


Past 10 
years 


yie 


d 


Entire Past 10 
period years 


>'ield 


Entire Past 10 
period years 



Standard cords, 128 cubic feet, with bark 



20 


37 


1.8 




24 


1.2 










25 


58 


2.3 


.. 


40 


1.6 


.. 


22 


.9 




30 


75 


2.5 


3.8 


53 


1.8 


2.9 


33 


1.1 


2.2 


40 


96 


2.4 


1.9 


72 


1.8 


1.9 


50 


1.3 


1.7 


50 


105 


2.1 


.8 


83 


1.7 


1.1 


60 


1.2 


1. 


60 


-- 


-- 


-- 


-- 


-- 


-- 


66 


1.1 


.6 



Long cords, 160 cubic feet, without bark 



20 


21 


1. 




13 


.7 










25 


33 


1.5 


.. 


22 


.9 


.. 


1.2 


.5 




30 


43 


1.45 


2.3 


30 


1. 


1.7 


18 


.6 


1.2 


40 


57 


1.4 


1.4 


42 


1.1 


1.2 


28 


.7 


.1 


50 


64 


1.3 


.7 


49 


1. 


.8 


35 


.7 


.6 


60 


- 




-- 


-- 


- 


-- 


39 


.65 


.5 



for breakage. Table 39 is tbe same as Table 38 except that the yield is 
given circular sawed, 1/4 iiic"li kerf. Table 40 gives the yield of all trees 
6 inches and over in diameter scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule and also the 
average annual increment. The largest average annual increment in 
board feet is obtained on Quality I by cutting the stand when 50 years 
old; on Quality II Avhen between 50 and 60 years old; on Quality III 
when between 60 and 70 years old. 

Tables 41 and 41a give the yield in board feet band-sawed with 1-7 
inch kerf by cutting to 9 and 11 inches in diameter, respectively. Cut- 
ting to 9 inches in diameter gives the yield of all trees which make 



92 



LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



standard 7x7 inch ties. The greatest average annual yield of tie tim- 
ber is obtained on Quality I Avhen the stand is about 40 years old; on 
Quality II when about 50 years old ; and on Quality III when about 55 
years old. Cutting to 11 inches in diameter gives the yield of all trees 
large enough for crate veneer stock. (Plate XIV shows a Quality II 
stand, culled, 60 years old, yielding about 30,000 feet per acre ; Plate XV 
an unthinned stand about 80 years old, yielding about 40,000 feet per 
acre.) 

Table 42 gives the total number of trees 6 inches and over, the average 
diameter of all trees and the annual rate of decrease in the number of 
trees with the increase in the age of the stand. This table is of value in 
showing which portion of the yield is contributed by the trees in the 
dominant crown class. It shows the approximate number of trees which 
would be removed in thinning unthinned stands by deducting the num- 
ber of dominant trees from the total number of trees. (See page 159.) 

Tables 43 and 44 show the number of trees 9 inches and over and 11 
inches and over per acre respectively and their average diameters at 
different ages in fully stocked stands. By combining Table 42 with 
Tables 43 and 44 the number of trees over 6 inches in diameter left per 
acre after cutting to 9 and 11 inches in diameter breasthigh can be 
obtained. 



Table 38. — Yield Per Acre in B0.4.RD Feet of All Trees Six Inches and Over in Diameter 
Breasthigh to Top Diameter Given in Table 32, in Fully Stocked Unthinned Stands op 
Loblolly Pine at Different Ages on Different Quality Sites. No Allowance for Exces- 
sive Crook, Waste or Breakage. 

Bo.vRDS 1 1-16 Inch Thick, Band-sawed, Kerf 1-7 Inch. 





Maximum 

Bd. ft. 
per acre 


Quality 




Age 
Years 


I 


II 


III 




Bd. ft. 
per acre 


Annual 
Per cent of 

increase 
in volume 
preceding 

decade 


Bd. ft. 
per acre 


Annual 
Per cent of 
_ increase 
in volumte 
preceding 
decade 


Bd. ft. 
per acre 


Annual 
Per cent of 

increase 

in volume 

preceding 

decade 


Bd. ft. 
per acre 


20 


19,700 
28,600 
35,100 
40,100 
44,200 
47,500 
50,300 
52,650 
54,600 
56,250 
57,650 
58,900 
60,000 
61,000 
62,000 
62,900 
63,750 


14,500 
22,300 
28,850 
34.000 
38,150 
41,600 
44,500 
46,850 
48,750 
50,300 
51,550 
52,650 
53,600 
54,400 
55,200 
56,000 
56,700 














25 




8,800 
16,000 
21,850 
26,850 
30,850 
33,900 
36,300 
38.200 
39,700 
40,900 
41,850 
42,650 
43,200 
43,700 
44,100 
44,500 










30 


7.1 




7,170 
12,700 
17,000 
20,400 
23,000 
25,200 
26,850 
28,200 






35 






2,600 


40 
45 


2.8 


5.3 


9.0 


12,050 
15,400 


50 
55 


1.6 


2.4 


3.1 


18,050 
20,150 


60 
65 


.9 


1.2 


1.6 


21,900 
23,200 


70 
75 


.6 


.7 


29,250 
30,150 
30,750 
31,000 
31,650 


.9 


24,250 
25,000 


80 
85 


.4 


.4 


.5 


25,650 
26,100 


90 
95 


.3 


.2 


.3 


26,500 


100 


.3 


.2 













LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



93 



Table 39. — ^Yield Per Acre in Board Feet op All Trees op Loblolly Pine, Six Inches and 
Over in Diameter Breasthigh to Top Diameter Given in Table 32 in Fully Stocked 
Unthinned Stands at Different Ages on Different Quality Sites. No Allowance for 
Excessive Crook, Waste or Bre.^k.^ge. Boards 1 1-8 Inches Thick, Circular S.\.wed, 
Kerf >4 Inch. 





Quality 


Aee of 








stand 
Years 


I 


II 


III 












Board feet per acre 




20 


12,700 
25,200 






30 


14.000 


6,300 


40 


33,300 


23.500 


14,900 


50 


38,900 


30,000 


20,100 


60 


42,600 


33,400 


23,500 


70 


45,100 


35,800 


25,600 


80 


46,900 


37,300 


26,900 



Table 40. — ^Yield Per Acre in Board Feet (Doyle-Scribner) of All Trees Six Inches .\nd 
Over in Diameter in Fully Stocked St.vnds of Loblolly Pine at Different Ages on 
Different Quality Sites. Top Diameters .^s in Table 32. No Allowance for Excessive 
Crook, Waste or Breakage. 





Quality 


Age 
Years 


I 


II 


III 


Volume 


Average 

annual 

increment 


Volume 


Average 

annual 

increment 


Volume 


Average 

annual 

increment 




Board feet per acre 


25 


7,368 
16,143 
28,365 
36.689 
41,811 
43,601 
44,868 
45,180 


295 
535 

709 
734 

697 


1,310 
6,824 
16,419 
23,716 
28,130 
30,568 
32,201 
33,205 


52 
227 
410 
474 
469 
436 






30 

40 
50 
60 
70 


652 
6,024 
12,391 
16,228 
18,939 
20,149 
20,827 


22 
150 
247 
270 
270 


80 




252 


90 

















94 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 41. — Yield Per Acre in Board Feet of All Trees Nine Inches and Over in Diameter 
Breasthigh in Fully Stocked Stands of Loblolly Pine at Different Ages and on 
Different Quality Sites. No Allowance for Excessive Crook, Waste or Breakage. 

Boards 1 1-16 Inch Thick, Band-sawed, 1-7 Inch Kerf. 

(To reduce to oircular-.sawixl 1-4 inch korf, divide by 1.144.) 





Maximum 


Quality 




Age 
Years 


I 


II 


III 


Minimum 




Volume— Board feet 


20 


10,500 
25,200 
34,500 
40,000 
44,100 
47,500 
50,300 










25 


16,200 
26,600 
32,200 
37,800 
41,400 
44,500 








30 


12,700 
20,650 
25,900 
29,800 
32,800 
35,200 
37,000 
38,700 






35 
40 
45 
50 
55 


7,700 
13,800 
18,250 
21.350 
23,700 
25,400 
26,850 
28,150 
29,200 
30,100 
30,800 


1,500 
8,000 
12,500 
15,600 
17,750 


60 






19,400 


65 






20,800 


70 






22,000 


75 








23,000 


80 








23,800 


85 








24,650 






1 







Table 41a. — ^Yield Per Acre in Board Feet op All Trees 11 Inches and Over in Diameter 
Breasthigh in Fully Stocked Stands op Loblolly^ Pine at Different Ages and on Dif- 
ferent Quality Sites. No Allowance for Excessive Crook, Waste or Breakage. 

Boards 1 1-16 Inches Thick, Band-sawed, 1-7 Inch Kerf. 

(To reduce to circular-sawed, 1-4 inch kerf, divide by 1.144.) 





Quality 


Age 


I 


II 


III 


Years 










Volume— Board feet 


25 


5,450 






30 


16,500 
25,300 


2 200 




35 


12,250 


1,400 


40 


31,800 


19,400 


7,750 


45 


36,650 


24,400 


12,700 


50 


40,350 


28,300 


16,650 


55 


43,500 


31,400 


19,800 


60 


46,200 


34,150 


22,300 


65 


48,600 


36,450 


24,6.50 


70 


50,500 


38.500 


26,650 


75 


52,100 


40,200 


28,350 


80 


53,350 


41,600 


29,800 


85 


54.350 


42,700 


.30,900 


90 


55,200 


43,500 


31,700 


95 


56 000 


44 200 




100 


56,700 


44,700 









LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CABOLIIs^A PIXE. 



95 



Table 42.— Total Number of Loblolly Pine Trees of All Crowx Classes Per Acre Six Inches 
AND Over in Diameter, Their Average Diameter and Per Cent of Decrease in Number, 
Total Number of Dominant Trees Six Inches and Over, and Their Average Diameter 
AT Different Ages on Different Quality Sites. 





Trees of all crown classes 
6 inches and over 


Dominant trees 
6 inches and over 


Age 
Years 


Number of 

trees per 

acre 


Per cent 
of decrease 
in number 

of trees 


Average 
diameter 

Inches 


Number of 

trees per 

acre 


Average 
diameter 

Inches 



Quality I 



25 


486 




8.2 1 


230 


9.1 




30 


449 


7.6 


9.3 


248 


10.4 




40 


273 


39.2 


11.4 ( 


179 


13.2 




50 


199 


27.1 


13.2 


125 


15.7 




60 


169 


15.1 


14.8 


100 


17.4 




70 


150 


10.6 


16.1 


89 


18.8 




80 


134 
120 




17.3 
18.3 


77 
71 


20.0 
21.2 




90 






100 


108 




19.1 


64 


22.3 





Quality II 



25 


476 
469 




7.5 
8.5 


262 
273 


7.8 


30 


1.5 


8.8 


40 


342 


27.8 


10.3 


217 


10.8 


50 


244 


28.3 


11.9 


151 


12.8 


60 


187 


21.8 


13.2 


118 


14.5 


70 


160 


12.4 


14.3 


101 


15.7 


80 


142 
129 
118 




15.3 
16.2 
17.0 


86 

77 
70 


17.0 


90 




18.1 


100 




19.1 









Quality III 



30 


482 
357 




7.6 


40 


17.9 


9.1 


50 


256 


28.3 


10.5 


60 


199 


17.0 


11.7 


70 


167 


12.6 


12.7 


80 


150 




13.6 










96 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 43. — Total Number of Trees Per Acre Nine Inches and Over in Diameter Breast- 
high AND Their Average Diameter in Dense, Unthinned Stands of Loblolly Pine at 
Different Ages on Different Quality Sites. 



Age of stand 
Years 



Number of trees 9 inches 
in diameter and over 



Average diameter 



Quality I 



25 


234 


10.3 


30 


254 


11.4 


40 


204 


13.2 


50 


173 


14.6 


60 


154 


15.6 


70 


140 


16.4 


80 


130 


17.1 


90 


121 


17.6 


100 


115 


18.0 


110 


109 


18.4 


120 


105 


18.6 



Quality II 



25 


68 


9.4 


30 


153 


9.9 


40 


197 


11.2 


50 


179 


12.6 


60 


161 


13.9 


70 


145 


14.9 


80 


135 


15.6 


90 


126 


16.2 


100 


118 


16.7 


110 


112 


17.0 


120 


108 


17.4 



Quality III 



30 


46 


9.1 


40 


234 


9.7 


50 


173 


11.0 


60 


146 


12.5 


70 


126 


13.6 


80 


113 


14.4 


90 


102 


15.1 


100 


94 


15.6 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



97 



Table 44. — Total Number of Trees Per Acre Eleven Inches and Over in Diameter Breasthigh 
AND Their Average Diameter in Dense, Unthinned Stands of Loblolly Pine at Differ- 
ent Ages on Different Quality Sites. 



Age of stand 
Years 



Number of trees 11 inches 
in diameter and over 



Average diameter 



Quality I 



25 


156 


11.8 


30 


173 


12.6 


■ 40 


163 , 


14.2 


50 


150 


15.4 


60 


135 


16.4 


70 


125 


17.2 


80 


117 


17.8 


90 


109 


18.3 


100 


104 


18.7 


110 


101 


18.9 


120 


98 


19.1 



Quality II 



30 


50 


11.5 


40 


120 


12.8 


50 


131 


14.1 


60 


127 


15.2 


70 


120 


16.0 


80 


114 


16.7 


90 


107 


17.3 


100 


102 


17.7 


110 


98 


18.0 


120 


95 


18.3 



Quality III 



40 


80 


11.7 


50 


96 


13.0 


60 


94 


14.2 


70 


90 


15.1 


80 


85 


15.8 


90 


81 


16.3 


100 


78 


16.7 



98 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



GRADED VOLUME TABLES. 



Tables 45 to 54 give the actual amounts, values, and percentages of 
the different grades of lumber sawed from logs of different grades and 
from logs from different parts of the stem. 

The results were secured by a large number of measurements of the 
logs in the woods and their cut at the mill. The logs were carefully 
measured as to diameter and length, and marked, those in each tree being 
given a specific designation, which showed not only that they were 
from the same tree, but indicated the relative position of each log in 
the trunk of the tree, whether butt, second, third, or top. About 1,000 
logs were sawed at a mill with a daily cut of 30,000 board feet by a 
circular saw taking a y4,-mch kerf. An exact tally was kept not only 
of the number of feet but of the grade of each board which was sawed 
from each log. These logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 
5 inches to 20 inches were largely from second-growth stands between 
40 and 70 years old. The utilization was close and the amount of mill 
waste small ; somewhat closer utilization would have been possible in 
the tops, but at the expense of reducing the grades. About 1,000 other 
logs ranging in diameter at the small end from 7 to 30 inches were 
marked and numbered in the woods and were carefully graded. These 
were sawed at three different mills and, with the exception of a small 
number, were band-saAved. An exact tally was kept of the number of 
board feet and the amovmt of each grade of lumber which was sawed 
from the logs of different diameters in each grade of logs. These logs 
were from trees in stands which varied in age between 45 and 250 years. 
The cut of all logs was brought to a uniform basis as regards saw thick- 
ness and allowance for shrinkage by the use of converting factors (see 
note to table 23). 

GRADING OF LOGS. 

Six grades of logs were recognized as follows : 

Grade 1. Logs smooth-barked, the centers not coarse-grained, and 
entirely free from such surface indications of defects as knot signs or 
red heart. While they are chiefly butt logs, second and even third logs 
from large 5 and 6-logged trees, particularly those from intermediate 
and suppressed trees, were included in this grade. Even butt logs of 
this grade if less than 10 inches in diameter must as a rule come from 
intermediate and suppressed trees. They have less taper than any other 
grade of logs and consequently saw out less lumber above the log scale. 
The f. o. b. value (first quarter 1913) of the lumber which is sawed from 
Grade 1 logs at points which have the Norfolk, Virginia, price basis 
is from $22.46 per 1,000 board feet for lumber from 7-inch logs to $30 
per 3,000 board feet for lumber from 30-inch logs. (Plate XII, C.) 

Grade 2. Logs free from indications of red heart, smooth barked, 
but showing slight signs of knots on one side or quarter of the log. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XII. 



^:;^BJJ^SP[_ ; 





LOOS OF DIFFEREXT GRADES. 

A. Logs chiefly of Grades 3 and 4, diameters 5 to 16 inches. These are the prevailing gi-ades and sizes 

now coming to the mills. Average log about 38 feet, D.-S. (Author's illustration.) 

B. Logs chiefly of Grades 2 and 3, diameters 10 to 24 inches. Tliese are the prevailing grades and sizes 

which were cut by the mills between 1895 and 1910. Average log about 90 feet, D.-S. The small 
size of the heartwood is noteworthy. (Author's illustration.) 

C. Logs chiefly of Grades 1 and 2, diameters 12 to 36 inches. These were the prevailing grades and sizes 

which were sawed until 1895. Average log about 200 feet, D.-S. 



100 LOBLOLLY OR JN^ORTH CAROLINA PIIs'E. 



GRADING OF LUMBER. 



All lumber was graded according to the 1911 standard for the inspec- 
tion of iSTorth Carolina pine. The basis of inspection is the best or 
face side. Stock sizes below 12-inch are 6-inch, 8-inch and 10-inch 
widths. Other widths are grouped as edge. A pin knot is not over i/o 
inch; a standard knot not over II/2 inches; a large knot is over 1%' 
inches. Standard lengths of lumber are 8 to 16 feet, not to exceed 5 
per cent 8 feet lengths ; widths, other than bark strips 3 inches and 
over. The following is a brief description of the grades of kiln-dried 
lumber. Air dried lumber admits more stain than kiln-dried; 25 per 
cent in No. 2 ; 50 per cent in iSTo. 3 ; 75 per cent in No. 4. By stain is 
meant blued sap wood. This does not affect the strength of the wood. 

No. 1 Grade. This grade includes boards 8 inches and under in 
width having one side clear of all defects, except 2 small defects such as 
pitch streaks, and the other side grading up to a No. 2 board. Lum- 
ber over 8 inches wide may have in addition one small pitch pocket, 
sound pin knot, or other slight defect for each additional 2 inches of 
width. (Plate XIII, A.) 

No. 2 Grade. — This grade consists of boards with small tight knots 
on the best side and less than one-sixth of the area of pitch streaks ; the 
other side grades up to No. 3 or better. Pieces 8 inches in Avidth or 
under may have 3 pin knots, or 3 small pitch pockets; pieces over 8 
inches wide may have for each additional 2 inches of width one stand- 
ard knot, 3 pin knots or 3 pitch pockets or small pitch streaks. (Plate 
XIII, B.) 

No. 3 Grade. — This grade consists of tight knotted boards below No. 
2, one edge No. 2 or better on the best face, and not to exceed 15 per cent 
of stain. Pieces 6 inches and over admit sound knots to a diameter of 
not over ^^4 o^ the width of the piece, or other defects such as pin knots, 
pitch pockets, or pitch streaks; pitchy boards which would otherwise 
grade No. 1 or No. 2. No. 1 and No. 2 boards which are pitchy, No. 2, 
allowing 33 per cent. No. 1, 50 per cent of pitch; No. 1 and No. 2 
boards having 50 per cent stained surface or firm redheart not to exceed 
20 per cent are admitted to this grade. (Plate XIII, C.) 

No. Jj. Grade (Box).— Box consists of sound lumber below the grade 
of No. 3, containing pin, standard, and large reasonably sound knots, 
and Avill admit other knots which do not seriously affect the strength 
of the pieces; a larger amount of pitchy, stained, or redheart surface 
than No. 3, or a greater aggregate of knots or pitch pockety than is ad- 
missible in No. 3 boards. (Plate XIII, D.) 

No. 5 Grade (Culls). — Culls consist of lumber lower than No. 4 
(excepting redheart or box strips), either knottier or with more pitch, 
which can be used without a waste exceeding 25 per cent and may con- 
tain 50 per cent of firm redheart. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



101 



Firm redheart admits pieces containing any amount of firm redheart 
which can not be classed as No. 1, 2, 3, or 4. (Plate XIII, E.) 

Nos. 1 and 2 harh strips consist of edging lumber faced with bark on 
one side and shall not show less than i/^ inch of wood on both edges from 
end to end of piece, and shall otherwise equal the grades of ISTos. 1 and 2 
lumber. 

Box hark strip. This grade consists of bark strips falling below IN'o. 
1 and ^0. 2 bark strip. (Plate XIII, F.) 



T.^BLE 45. — Per Cent of Different Grades of North C.vholin.^ Pine Lumber Sawed from 
Grade One Logs of Loblolly Pine op Different Diameters. 

Logs 16.3 feet long, perfect, sound, usually from the lower part of stem, free from knot signs, with 
smooth bark and fine-grained centers. Boards 1 1-16 inch thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch. 



Diameter 
inside 






Per cent of each grade 






bark at 

small end 

of log 

Inches 












No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


Box 


Red 

heart and 

cull 


Bark 

strips Nos. 
1 and 2 


Total 


7 


25.0 
23.5 
24.4 
28.3 
28.4 
31.9 
33.6 
35.9 


25.0 
32.4 
37.8 
38.3 
40.5 
39.6 
39.1 
38.2 


20.8 
23.5 
22.2 
21.7 
21.6 
20.8 
20.1 
19.1 


16.7 
11.8 
8.9 
6.7 
5.4 
4.4 
3.6 
3.0 




12.5 
8.8 
6.7 
5.0 
4.1 
3.3 
3.6 
3.0 


100 


8 




100 


9 




100 


10 




100 


11 




100 


12 




100 


13 




100 


14 


.8 


100 


15 


37.5 


36.8 


19.1 


2.6 


.7 


3.3 


100 


16 


40.1 


35.6 


18.0 


2.3 


.6 


3.4 


100 


17 


41.6 


34.7 


17.7 


2.0 


.5 


3.5 


100 


18 


43.0 


34.3 


17.6 


1.7 


.4 


3.0 


100 


19 


43.8 


33.8 


17.4 


1.5 


.4 


3.1 


100 • 


20 


44.2 


33.2 


17.5 


1.7 


.3 


3.1 


100 


21 


44.0 


33.0 


17.8 


1.8 


.3 


3.1 


100 


22 


43.7 


32.7 


18.1 


2.2 


.3 


3.0 


100 


23 


43.6 


32.7 


18.6 


2.2 


.2 


2.7 


100 


24 


43.2 


32.2 


18.9 


2.5 


.5 


2.7 


100 


25 


42.9 


32.2 


19.5 


2.5 


.4 


2.5 


100 


26 


42.9 


32.2 


19.7 


2.5 


.4 


2.3 


100 


27 


42.7 


32.2 


20.1 


2.4 


.4 


2.2 


100 


28 


42.6 


32.1 


20.6 


2.4 


.3 


2.0 


100 


29 


42.4 


32.2 


20.8 


2.4 


.3 


1.9 


100 


30 


42.2 


32.2 


21.0 


2.5 


.3 


1.8 


100 



102 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 46. — Per Cent of Different Grades of North Carolina Pine Lumber S.\wed from 
Grade Two Logs of Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters. 



Logs 16.3 feet long, slightly knotty, sound, usually from the lower part of stem, with smooth bark, 
and moderately fine-grained centers. Boards 1 1-16 inch thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch. 



Diameter 
inside 






Per cent of each grade 






bark at 

small end 

of log 

Inches 












No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


Box 


Red 

heart and 
cull 


Bark 

strips Nos. 
1 and 2 


Total 


7 


16.6 
17.6 
20.0 
21.7 
23.0 
25.3 


25.0 
32.4 
37.8 
39.9 
40.5 
39.6 


29.3 
29.4 
26.6 
26.7 
27.0 
25.2 


16.6 
11.8 
8.9 
6.7 
5.4 
5.5 




. 12.5 

8.8 
6.7 
5.0 
4.1 
3.3 


100 


& 




100 


9 




100 


10 




100 


11 




100 


12 


1.1 


100 


13 


27.3 


38.2 


24.5 


5.5 


.9 


3.6 


100 


14 


29.8 


37.4 


24.3 


4.6 


.8 


3.1 


100 


15 


32.2 


35.5 


23.7 


4.6 


.7 


3.3 


100 


16 


34.5 


33.9 


23.1 


4.5 


.6 


3.4 


100 


17 


36.1 


33.2 


22.2 


4.0 


1.0 


3.5 


100 


18 


37.4 


32.2 


22.2 


3.9 


1.3 


3.0 


100 


19 


38.5 


31.5 


21.5 


4.2 


1.2 


3.1 


100 


20 


39.7 


30.8 


21.3 


4.1 


1.0 


3.1 


100 


21 


40.4 


30.6 


20.7 


4.3 


.9 


3.1 


100 


22 


40.9 


30.2 


20.7 


4.4 


.8 


3.0 


100 


23 


41.4 


30.4 


20.3 


4.5 


.7 


2.7 


100 


24 


42.0 


30.1 


20.2 


4.3 


.7 


2.7 


100 


25 


42.5 


30.1 


19.9 


4.4 


.6 


2.5 


100 


26 


42.9 


30.0 


19.7 


4.5 


.6 


2.3 


100 


27 


43.3 


30.0 


19.6 


4.4 


.5 


2.2 


100 


28 


43.3 


30.1 


19.5 


4.4 


.7 


2.0 


100 


29 


43.7 


30.0 


19.5 


4.3 


.6 


1.9 


100 


30 


43.7 


29.9 


19.6 


4.3 


.7 


1.8 


100 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



103 



Table 47. — Per Cent of Different Grades of North Carolina Pine Lumber Sawed From 
Grade Three Logs of Loblolly Pine op Different Diameters. 

Logs 16.3 feet long, slightly knotty, chiefly from the middle part of the stem. Boards 1 1-16 inch 
thick, band-sawed, kerf 1-7 inch. 



Diameter 
inside 






Per cent of each grade 






bark at 

small end 

of log 

Inches 












No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


Box 


Red 

heart and 
cull 


Bark 

strips Nos. 
1 and 2 


Total 


5 








77.0 
52.4 
50.0 
48.8 
46.2 




23.0 
14.3 
9.4 
7.3 
5.8 


100 


6 






33.3 
31.2 
31.7 
30.8 




100 


7 




6.3 
9.8 
11.5 


3.1 
2.4 
1.9 


100 


8 




100 


9 


3.8 


100 


10 


4.7 


12.5 


29.7 


45.3 


3.1 


4.7 


100 


11 


7.6 


12.7 


27.8 


44.3 


3.8 


3.8 


100 


12 


9.4 


13.5 


27.1 


42.7 


4.2 


3.1 


100 


13 


11.4 


14.0 


25.4 


40.4 


5.3 


3.5 


100 


14 


12.6 


14.1 


25.2 


39.2 


5.9 


3.0 


100 


15 


13.9 


14.6 


24.0 


37.3 


7.0 


3.2 


100 


16 


15.5 


14.9 


23.8 


35.4 


7.7 


2.7 


100 


17 


16.9 


15.5 


23.2 


33.8 


8.2 


2.4 


100 


18 


18.0 


15.8 


23.1 


32.0 


9.0 


2.1 


100 


19 


19.5 


16.0 


22.9 


30.2 


9.5 


1.9 


100 


20 


20.5 


16.4 


22.6 


28.5 


10.3 


1.7 


100 


21 


21.9 


16.7 


22.2 


26.5 


11.1 


1.6 


100 


22 


23.2 


16.5 


22.4 


25.0 


11.5 


1.4 


100 


23 


24.8 


16.4 


22.2 


23.3 


12.0 


1.3 


100 


24 


25.9 


16.3 


22.0 


22.0 


12.6 


1.2 


100 


25 


27.6 


16.1 


21.7 


20.6 


12.9 


1.1 


100 


26 


29.0 


15.9 


21.5 


19.3 


13.3 


1.0 


100 


27 


30.5 


15.4 


21.4 


18.0 


13.8 


.9 


100 


28 


31.9 


15.2 


21.2 


16.9 


13.9 


.9 


100 


29 


33.1 


14.9 


21.0 


16.0 


14.2 


.8 


100 


30 


34.3 


14.4 


20.9 


15.2 


14.4 


.8 


100 



J 04 



LOBLOLLY OR JSTORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 48. — Pee Cent of Different Grades of North Carolina Pine Lumber Sawed from 
Grade 4 Logs op Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters. These are Logs from Below 
the Top Log. 



Diameter 

inside bark 

at small end 

of Log 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


Box or 
No. 4 


Cull 


Box bark 
strip 


Total 


Inches 
















4 








74 
82 
85 

88 
88 
89 
88 




26 
16 
10 
7 
5 
4 
3 


100 


5 






2 
6 
5 
5 
5 
5 




100 


6 








100 


7 








100 


8 




2 

2 
2 




100 


9 






100 


10 




2 


100 


11 




2 
2 


5 
5 


88 
87 


2 
2 


3 
3 


100 


12 


1 


100 


13 


2 


2 


6 


86 


2 


2 


100 


14 


2 


2 


6 


86 


2 


2 


100 


15 


2 


3 


6 


85 


2 


2 


100 


16 


2 


3 


6 


85 


2 


2 


100 


17 


3 


3 


6 


84 


3 




100 


18 


3 


4 


6 


82 


4 




100 


19 


3 


4 


7 


81 


4 




100 


20 


4 


4 


7 


80 


4 




100 


21 


5 


5 


7 


77 


5 




.100 


22 


5 


5 


7 


77 


5 




100 



Grade 5 logs, which are knotty top logs, yield at least 95 per cent 
of No, 4 lumber and cull. 

Cull logs, which are very knotty top logs from large trees and have 
coarse knots, yield at least 50 per cent cull lumber, (l^ote the log 
within the cro'mi of tree in Plate VII.) 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XIII. 




pi.Trr:: 









Xrfr- 






%^ 




PLATE XIII. Typical boards of important grades of North Carolina pine lumljer 12 feet 
long. A to D, inclusive, are dressed boards; E and F are rough. (Photographs made 
under direction of author.) 

A. No. 1 grade board, 16 inches wide, from a large, old, fine-grained heart tree of the qual- 

ity known as "slash pine." A narrow margin of sapwood is shown on either edge of 
the board. 

B. No. 2 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a small pin knot and a narrow pitch 

streak in the upper one-half of the board. Board from an old growth, fine-grained 
tree, very largely heartwood. 

C. No. 3 grade board, 12 inches wide. The defects are a pitch pocket in the lower one- 

fourth, two pin knots near the middle of the board, a pitch streak at the upper end 
of the board, and a sliver in the coarse flat grain of its center. Board is from a 
second-growth forest tree, coarse-grained in the center and medium-grained on the 
edges. 

D. Box or No. 4 grade board, 12 inches wide. Very knotty and coarse-grained. Tliis 

board is from a rapid growth tree of the old-field type and is all sapwood e.\cept a 
narrow ribbon of heart down the center. 

E. Merchantable red heart grade board, 10 inches wide. This board would have graded as 

a No. 3 but for the red heart which shows as the dark streaks in the heartwood. 

F. Box bark strip. The bark edge shows along the upper right-hand edge of the strip; the 

bark has been trimmed from the lower portion of the piece. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



105 



Table 49.— Pen Cent op Different Grades of North Carolina Pine Lumber Sawed From 
Red Heart Logs of Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters. 



Diameter 

inside bark 

at small end 

of log 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


t>„^ Red heart 
^°^ and cull 


Box bark 
strip 


Total 












Inches 






Per cent of each grade 






7 


6.2 


9.4 


31.3 


37.5 


6.2 


9.4 


100 


8 


4.9 


7.3 


24.4 


41.5 


14.6 


7.3 


100 


9 


3.8 


7.7 


19.2 


46.2 


17.3 


5.8 


100 


10 


3.1 


6.3 


17.2 


48.4 


18.7 


6.3 


100 


11 


3.8 


6.3 


13.9 


48.1 


22.8 


5.1 


100 


12 


4.2 


5.2 


12.5 


48.9 


24.0 


5.2 


100 


13 


5.3 


5.3 


11.4 


48.2 


25.4 


4.4 


100 


14 


5.2 


5.2 


10.4 


47.4 


28.1 


3.7 


100 


15 


5.7 


5.1 


9.5 


46.2 


30.3 


3.2 


100 


16 


6.0 


5.0 


9.4 


44.8 


32.0 


2.8 


100 


17 


6.3 


4.8 


9.2 


43.5 


33.8 


2.4 


100 


18 


6.9 


4.7 


9.4 


41.9 


35.0 


2.1 


100 


19 


6.9 


4.6 


9.5 


40.5 


36.6 


1.9 


100 


20 


7.2 


4.5 


9.6 


39.0 


38.0 


1.7 


100 


21 


7.1 


4.3 


9.9 


38.0 


39.2 


1.5 


100 


22 


7.0 


4.2 


10.4 


37.2 


39.8 


1.4 


100 


23 


6.6 


4.1 


10.5 


36.8 


40.7 


1.3 


100 


24 


6.5 


3.7 


10.8 


36.7 


41.1 


1.2 


100 


25 


6.2 


3.7 


10.7 


36.6 


41.7 


1.1 


100 


26 


6.0 


3.4 


10.5 


36.7 


42.4 


1.0 


100 


27 


5.9 


3.1 


10.3 


37.2 


42.6 


.9 


100 


28 


5.5 


2.9 


10.0 


37.8 


42.9 


.9 


100 


29 


5.2 


2.7 


9.5 


38.5 


43.3 


.8 


100 


30 


5.0 


2.6 


9.3 


39.1 


43.2 


.8 


100 



106 



LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



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oO'-'cM"S**ot^C5»— ieoii5t^05c<iTj<t^ococoo3eocooscocoo 


t4-l 


«r^(NCCC0*<^IOW3Ot^I^000iO^C0Tt*iO!Or^00O^ 


6 




3 


lOOt^MCT— l-*OtO(MtOOOCOr-00-HC-J-*CDOOO>OtO-<e<ll^ 

• 0'-*c^eoioooii-iw50ocoooccoo-*cs-^05-^0"^oco^Hco 


1 »-l^«(MOCOM-*"«iiO«OtOt^t^OOOOOia> 


fq 


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iotot^ooosO'HMc*D-s<ir:)coi^oocsO'-H(Mco'!j<w5'or^ooo30 


• 



LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



107 



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o o o o o o o o '-«■-; ^ •-; '^. *"; . 



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c^cocococococococococo 



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oooooO'-;'-; 



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,— .c^^*«eDr-Os»-'CO 



tOCOtOOC^'"^^^*^ 



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S^SS^SSKggS^SS 



t>, 00 C5 O ^^ 



oo en o — < iM « 

rt i-. C^ CM O CM 



108 



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LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



109 



1 




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o=>-HC5to^oco>ooaoooco-3;t~.oo2S;^ 




C 
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C<c^(M(M(M<M(M(M«>COm«C<5C-JC^MM«M 


55 


a* S 


2 1 1 1 '< l^-.C0Mt«0iOi0!OOiO1^00gg; 
^ 1 1 1 . lOOOOOOOO— . '^. — . — . Ci=^ 
OS 1 1 ', 1 '. 


T3 

PQ 


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^«ot^c»=>o-c22:^-2C;22g?3S 



110 



LOBLOLLY OR IS'ORTH CAROLIN^A PINE. 



PQ g 






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e^COOlfMCCeOOSQOOOOOOIM^^I^'MCiOTjNrJ^lM-Hr^cO 
'— JC*ieOiCcOCOOS»-HC^'-:J<iOt^OOO»-*CCi»Ot*05CQ»000'--iW3 



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CO-^iOcOt^OOOsO 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Ill 



Tables 55 and 55a give the per ceiit and amounts of tlie different 
grades of lumber sawed with a circular saw with 14-inch kerf in logs 
from different parts of the trank of trees in fully stocked stands of lob- 
lolly pine 45 years old, Quality I, and 65 years old between Qualities II 
and III, respectively. These measurements were made at a mill in Gates 
County, ]Sr. C. They shoAv the small per cent of upper grades in top 
logs and indicate the necessity of forcing the length of clear stem of 
trees in young stands since, at a given age, with equal diameters, the 
longer the stem the greater is the proportion of upper grades. (Plates 
III, XIY and XVII, also I and YII.) The larger proportion of upper 
grades of lumber in the logs of the older stand is noteworthy as well as 
the rapid increase in the amounts of these grades with diameter. This 
also applies to Tables 56 and 57. 

Table 56 gives the per cent of different grades of lumber in trees of 
different diameters in fully stocked stands 40 to 50 years old on dif- 
ferent quality sites, and Table 57, the same for stands 60 to 70 years old. 
These tables show the per cent of grades which trees in stands on dif- 
ferent quality sit^s can be expected to yield at 45 and 65 years.* By 
interpolation the proportion can be ascertained for trees in stands of 
intermediate ages, and the proportion can be approximated for trees in 
younger and older stands. Few commercial stands will be produced, 
however, beyond the age of 60 years. This table used in connection 
with value table (Table 58) enables the probable future value of a stand 

*The average tree which was being cut in the 60-70 years old stand in Gates County had a mill 
volume of 142 board feet, and a corresponding breast-high diameter of 13.6 inches. The grade yield 
of such a tree (between quality classes II and III) is obtained from Table 57 as consisting of: 



Grade 


Tj „„.. „f „„ j„ Price per 1000 ft. 

Per cent of grade of grade 1912-13 


Value 


No. 1 


13 
10 
20 
50 
4 
2 
1 


$ 29 .80 

25.50 
19.20 
15.00 
19.00 
11.00 
13.00 


$ 3.87 


No. 2 


2.55 


No. 3 


3.84 


No. 4 


7.50 


1 and 2 Bark Strip 


.76 


Box Bark Strip . 


.22 


Cull 


.13 






Value per 1,000 feet of 


$ 18.87 









This gives an f . o. b. Norfolk value of S18.87 per 1,000 bd. ft., which is within a few cents of the 
figure obtainable from Tables 63 and 64. Since cutting in this stand was only to 8 inches in diameter 
breasthigh, the average diameter is .6 inch larger than that obtained from Table 16. 

The 45 year old stand. Quality I, also in Gates County, has an average diameter of 12.8 inches, 
a volume of 106 board feet, and an average value per 1,000 board feet of its lumber of $16.72. 

The average of these figures, $17.80, corresponds very closely to the Norfolk price that the output 
of this operation brought when cut in the winter of 1912. The average tree cut in this operation was 
13.7 inches in diameter breasthigh. 



112 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

to be determined and the financial results of thinnings to be forecast. 
The values of trees in these stands are given in Tables 59 to 64. For 
a discussion of the factors influencing grades see pages 119 and follow- 
ing. 

Tables 55, 56, and 57 apply only to fully stocked stands on forest 
soils. They will not apply to younger or open stands, formed of short- 
bodied trees or to stands on dry upland old fields, in which the wood 
is coarse grained and knotty and which will largely yield No. 4 lumber. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



113 



B. E- 



Total 
volume 
of log 


n 


Cull and 
red heart 


a 
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or Box 


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No. 3 


d 






o 


■a 


d 


o 

u 


Diameter 
inside 
bark at 
top of 


log 
Inches 









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114 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 













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or^cooao— 'fMco 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



115 



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116 



LOBLOLLY OR NOETH CAROLINA PINE. 













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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



117 



Table 56. — Per Cent of Grades of Lttmber in Trees of Different Diameters Growing in 
Fully Stocked Stands of Different Ages and on Different Quality Sites. 

Stands 40 to 50 Years Old. 

Quality I 















Bark strips 


Cull 

and red 

heart 




Diameter 


Height 
of tree 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 
or box 




Total 


breast- 
high 


1 and 2 


Box 




Feet 


















Inches 
























Per cent 


7 


70 
75 
80 
84 






5 

8 
9 
8 


76 
75 
74 
73 


11 

10 
9 
7 


8 
7 
6 
6 




100 


8 








100 


9 


1 
2 


1 
3 




100 


10 




100 


11 


88 


3 


4 


9 


73 


5 


5 




100 


12 


91 


3 


5 


10 


74 


4 


3 




100 


13 


93 


4 


6 


11 


73 


3 


2 




100 


14 


94 


5 


7 


11 


72 


2 


2 




100 


15 


95 


6 


7 


12 


71 


2 


1 




100 


16 


96 


7 


8 


12 


69 


2 


1 




100 


17 


97 
98 
99 
99 


8 
9 
10 
11 


9 
9 
10 
11 


12 
12 
12 
12 


68 
67 
65 
63 


2 
2 
2 

2 






100 


18 




100 


19 




100 


20 




100 









Quality II 



7 


59 
64 
68 






2 
6 

7 


79 
78 
78 


10 
9 
8 


9 

7 
6 




100 


8 








100 


9 








100 


10 


72 




1 


8 


78 


6 


6 




100 


11 


76 




2 


8 


79 


5 


5 




100 


12 


79 


1 


3 


8 


79 


4 


4 




100 


13 


81 


2 


4 


9 


79 


3 


2 




100 


14 


83 


3 


5 


9 


78 


2 


2 




100 


15 


84 


4 


6 


10 


76 


2 


1 




100 


16 


85 


5 


7 


10 


74 


2 


1 




100 


17 


85 


6 


8 


10 


72 


2 


1 




100 


18 


85 
84 


7 
8 


8 
9 


10 
10 


72 
70 


2 
2 






100 


19 




100 









Quality III 



7 


52 
57 
61 

64 
67 








82 
81 
80 
80 
80 


9 
8 
7 
5 

4 


9 
8 
7 
6 
5 




100 


8 






3 
6 
8 
8 




100 


9 








100 


10 








100 


11 




2 


100 


12 


69 


1 


2 


8 


81 


3 


4 




100 


13 


70 


1 


3 


8 


82 


2 


3 




100 


14 


71 


2 


5 


8 


79 


2 


3 




100 


15 


71 


3 


5 


9 


78 


2 


2 




100 


16 


71 


4 


5 


9 


78. 


2 


1 




100 


17 


71 


4 


6 


9 


77 


2 


1 




100 


18 


70 


5 


6 


9 


76 


2 


1 




100 



118 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 57. — ^Per Cent of Grades of Lumber in Trees of Different Diameters, in Fully 
Stocked Stands of Different Ages and on Different Quality Sites. 

Stands 60 to 70 Years Old. 

Quality I 





Height 
of tree 

Feet 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 
or box 


Bark strips 


Cull 

and red 

heart 


Total 


breast- 
high 


1 and 2 


Box 


Inches 


Per cent 


11 


87 
92 
96 
100 
103 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 

no 

110 
111 
111 


11 
15 
18 
20 
21 
22 
23 
23 
24 
24 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 


9 
12 
13 
13 
14 
14 
15 
16 
16 
17 
17 
19 
20 
21 
21 


25 
26 
26 
27 
28 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
29 
30 
30 
30 


45 
38 
36 
34 
31 
31 
30 
29 
28 
27 
26 
25 
22 
21 
21 


7 
6 
5 
4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 


3 

2 
1 

1 
1 
1 




100 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 




100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


18 




100 


19 




100 


20 




100 


21 




100 


22 




100 


23 




100 


24 




100 


25 




100 









Quality II 



9 




1 
5 


6 
6 


22 
21 


56 
54 


8 

7 


7 
6 




100 


10 


74 




100 


11 


78 


9 


8- 


21 


51 


6 


4 




100 


12 


82 


12 


9 


21 


49 


5 


3 




100 


13 


85 


14 


10 


21 


48 


4 


2 




100 


14 


86 


15 


11 


21 


47 


4 


1 




100 


15 


90 


16 


13 


21 


44 


4 


1 




100 


16 


92 


18 


13 


21 


43 


3 


1 




100 


17 


93 


19 


14 


21 


41 


3 


1 




100 


18 


94 
95 
95 
95 
95 


20 
21 
21 
22 
22 


14 
14 
15 
15 
15 


21 
21 
21 
21 
22 


41 
40 
39 
38 
38 


3 
3 
3 
3 
2 






100 


19 




100 


20 




100 


21 




100 


22 




100 









Quality III 



9 


63 




5 


20 


58 


7 


9 




100 


10 


67 


3 


4 


20 


58 


6 


8 




100 


11 


71 


6 


5 


19 


59 


5 


5 




100 


12 


74 


9 


7 


18 


57 


4 


4 




100 


13 


76 


11 


8 


18 


55 


4 


3 




100 


14 


78 


12 


9 


18 


55 


3 


2 




100 


15 


80 


13 


10 


18 


53 


3 


2 




100 


16 


81 


14 


11 


18 


51 


3 


2 




100 


17 


81 


16 


12 


18 


49 


3 






100 


18 


81 


17 


12 


18 


48 


3 






100 


19 


82 


18 


12 


18 


48 


2 






100 


20 


82 


18 


13 


17 


48 


2 






100 


21 


82 


19 


13 


17 


47 


2 






100 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLHSTA PINE. 



119 



INCREASE m VALUE OF TRllES. 

A tree increases in value by: (l)Increase in volume; (2) increase in 
the width of the boards which are cut from the tree, since the wider the 
board the greater its price even in the same grade; (3) increase in the 
proportion of the higher priced grades, Avhich are free from knots and 
other defects; (4) increase in the price of stumpage; and (5) closer 
utilization or lowering the specifications of grades of lumber. In a fully- 
stocked stand the effects of these factors progressively increase with the 
age of the stand and the size of the trees except in the case of price 
change in specifications and utilization, Avhich increase irregularly. 

Increase in volume (page 66) and increase in the proportion of the 
higher priced grades (page 101) have already been discussed. The 
other factors which influence value will be considered below. 

INCREASE IN QUALITY OF SAW TIMBER. 

The prices which have been used for the different grades and widths 
of lumber are figures based on actual sales (Weekly Sales Reports, JN". 
C. Pine Association), f. o. b. Norfolk, Virginia, during the first quarter 
of 1913. They are shown in the following table: 



Width of 
boards 

Inches 


Grades of rough, kiln-dried lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, 4-4 stock 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 or 
Box 


Red heart and 
mill cull 


Edge* 
6 
8 
10 
12 
Over 12 


J 29.00 
29.50 
31.00 
32.00 
36.00 
41.00 


$ 25 .00 

25.50 
26.00 
27.00 
29.00 
35.00 


$ 19.00 
20.00 
20.25 
21.00 
21.00 


S 15.00 
16.00 
16.50 
17.50 
18.00 


S 13.25 
14.25 
15.75 
16.75 
17.25 











Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2 $19.00 per 1,000 board feet. 

Box bark strips - 11.00 per 1,000 board feet. 



•See page 100. 



120 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



The average price of N"orth Carolina pine lumber f. o, b. !N'orfolk, 
Va., for first quarter 1913 was about $18 per 1,000 board feet. In 
June, 1914, this average price had declined to about $16.50 per 1,000 
board feet as shown by the following record of weekly sales, issued June 
19,1914: 



Width of 
boards 


Grades of rough lumber and price per 1,000 board feet, kiln 
dried, 4-4 stock, f. o. b. Norfolk, Va. 


Inches 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 or 
box 


Red heart and 
mill cull 


Edge* 
6 


$ 25.81 


$ 23.23 


S 16.06 


$ 13.30 
14.10 
14.99 
16.31 
16.99 


$ 11 .55 


8 


31.00 




18.13 


13 47 


10 




14 13 


12 


34.00 




20.93 


14 00 









Bark strips Nos. 1 and 2... $18.07 

Box bark strips 10.10 



This decline, which is probably only temporary, should be considered 
in connection with all tables of average lumber prices or stumpage 
values based thereon. 

Table 58 shows the increase in value of boards of the same grade with 
the increase in the diameter of the log from which they were cut. This 
is due to a wide board having a higher price than a narrow board of 
the same grade. These data were computed for upper as well as for 
lower logs, and as the greatest difference in the value of any one grade 
was found to be less than two per cent, the two sets of figures were 
combined. By multiplying the amounts of different grades obtained 
from logs and trees of different diameters (Tables 55, 56 and 57) by 
the respective values of these grades (Table 58) the values of trees of 
different diameters were obtained (Tables 59 to 64). It is possible to 
obtain from this the value per 1,000 board feet of logs of different 
diameters of each grade. Table 56 was obtained from data in Table 55, 
which is derived from the mill cut. 

The stands of the future, which will be managed for the production 
of sawtimber, will as a rule be cut between the ages of 40 and 70 years. 
On some of the best sites where thinnings are possible cutting may be 
as early as 25 years. It is consequently necessary to give full informa- 
tion in regard to composition, volume and value of such stands only. 
This is contained in Tables 55, 56, 57 Avhich have already been given and 
in Tables 59 to 64. 

Tables 59 to 61 give the comparative volumes on different quality 
sites of trees of different diameters in 40 to 50-year old stands, band- 

*See page 100. 



LOBLOLLY OR IS'ORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



121 



sawed l-T-inch kerf, circular sawed 14-iiich kerf and scaled by Doyle- 
Scribner rule ; the value f . o. b. Norfolk, Virginia, of lumber sawed from 
trees, and the stumpage value per tree under different costs of operation 
calculated on the basis of actual contents and Doyle-Scribner rule. 
Tables 62 to 64 give the same data for trees in stands 60 to 70 years 
old. The salient feature in these tables is the value per 1,000 board feet 
of the lumber from different sized trees and the value of their stumpage 
as derived from the value of the lumber. Under a high cost of opera- 
tion the stumpage value per 1,000 board feet more than doubles when 
the diameter doubles. For a discussion of the three costs of operation 
($11, $13, and $15), and the import of stumpage value under Doyle- 
Scribner scale and mill cut see page 137. 



Table 58.— The F. O. B. Value (1st Qcarter, 1913) Per 1,000 Board Feet, at Points Which 
Have the Norfolk Price Basis, of Different Grades of Lumber Sawed from Logs of Dif- 
ferent Diameters. 



Diameter 

inside of 

bark at small 

end of log 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


Box 


Red heart 
and cull 










Inches 




Vail 


le per 1,000 board feet 




5 


S 29.00 


$ 25 .00 


S 19.00 


$ 15.00 


$ 13.00 


6 


29.00 


25.00 


19.00 


15.00 


13.00 


7 


29.00 


25.00 


19.00 


15.00 


13.00 


8 


29.10 


25.10 


19.20 


15.20 


13.20 


9 


29.40 


25.30 


19.50 


15.50 


13.60 


10 


29.80 


25.50 


19.80 


15.80 


14.20 


11 


30.50 


25.90 


20.20 


16.30 


15.00 


12 


31.00 


26.60 


20.50 


17.00 


16.00 


13 


31.40 


26.60 


20.80 


17.10 


16.20 


14 


32.30 


27.00 


20.80 


17.20 


16.20 


15 


32.70 


27.20 


20.80 


17.30 


16.40 


16 


33.50 


27.60 


20.80 


17.40 


16.60 


17 


34.00 


27.80 


20.80 


17.50 


16.70 


18 


34.00 


27.90 


20.90 


17.50 


16.70 


19 


34.00 


28.00 


20.90 


17.50 


16.70 


20 


34.20 


28.00 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


21 


34.20 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


22 


34.20 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


23 


34.20 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


24 


34.30 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


25 


34.30 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


26 


34.30 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 


27 


34.30 


28.10 


20.90 


17.60 


16.80 



122 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 













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123 




124 



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Value of 
lumber 
per 1,000 
board feet 
f. 0. b. 
Norfolk, 
Va. 




iOiCiO>O»OU:i<:o«3i:DI^t^G0ac 


©& 


Volume 

Doyle- 

Scribner 

rule 

Bd. ft. 


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%% 

< 


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for breakage, 

crook and 

defect) 


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sawed 
1-4" 
kerf 

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-H T^ T-l ^ d M 


Band 

sawed 

1-7" 

kerf 

Bd. ft. 


*-i ^ —< W CM C^J 




3f„ "S 


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Diameter 
breast- 
high 

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cot--oocio^c<ico''^»o«5r-oo 





LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



125 



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126 



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LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



127 



z - 



Stumpage value under operating cost of 


1 




o^2 


i.-<(M'^t^CO^<MOO'^'^COOOO<MOO-^ 
lOOOO—iNMifflt^OJNCOOCOl^cO— 'W 


1 — i«C-lC^C>J£<3r»l-ai 


Cir- 
cular 
sawed 
1-4" 
kerf 


OOOO'^CflOOTPeOOOT-icOCOOtMtOCCt^N 




Band 

sawed 

1-7" 

kerf 




O rt-H.HMN«COT)<-* 




^1^ 




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a 




Doyle- 

Scribner 

rule 


l(M-<ft~«MT('0->i<ooooo(NOcoooe3 

,000 — e-lCCIOt~005tOMtOWU3iO-HtO 




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cular 
sawed 
1-4" 
kerf 




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sawed 

1-7" 

kerf 




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•• 


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cular 
sawed 
1-4" 
kerf 


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sawed 

1-7" 

kerf 


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$5.40 
5.62 
5.87 
6.14 
6.44 
6.87 
7.17 
7.64 
8.15 
8.68 
9.23 
9.63 
10.15 
10.45 
10.60 
10.80 
12.00 
12.20 
12.40 




Value of 
lumber 
per 1,000 
board feet 
f. 0. b. 




ss£o2:5:s5^s;2gs3iS23S§§gs 


2S2J:;t;«S2222g§?3?3?3;3?5e5S5 


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Doyle- 

Scriijner 

rule 


•o 


lioocoo«o«5oooooopoooooo 


s 


. 


J 


Cir- 
cular 
sawed 
1-4" 
kerf 

Bd. ft. 




3 


Band 

sawed 

1-7" 

kerf 

Bd. ft. 






■S.Sf 




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6 «3.21 



2^ ^^ f.^ ,—t ,—1 T-< ^—i 1-* y~i ^—* Oi C^ <^ '^ C^ ^i 



128 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

The increase in the proportion of the higher grades in the tree with 
increased diameter is influenced by several conditions, the most impor- 
tant of which are (1) the density of the stand, (2) the quality site, and 
(3) the rate of growth and the age of stand. 

Influence of Density of Stand. 

The proportion of different grades in trees of different diameters as 
given in Tables 55, 56 and 57 applies only to fully stocked stands on 
forest soils or at least not to upland old fields. As the stands be- 
come more open, more limbs and larger knots develop on the trees with 
consequent increase in the propoi'tion of lower grades in them. (Plates 
III and lY.) 

Influence of Quality Site. 

The wood of trees of loblolly pine grown on poorer quality sites gen- 
erally is worth more per 1,000 board feet than that from younger domi- 
nant trees of the same diameter and height on a good quality site. This 
is due to the more thorough cleaning of the stem, the smaller size of the 
knots, and less taper; knots, however, are more numerous in the upper 
logs and there are foAver clear logs in the tree, since the length of mer- 
chantable stem is shorter. This is shown by Table 65, which gives the 
value per 1,000 board feet of the stumpage of trees growing on different 
quality sites at different ages. By referring to Table 16 it is seen that 
at the age of the same average diameter the stumpage of the stand on the 
poorer quality site is more valuable. With a ma^'ked difference in the 
heights of the trees of the same diameter, however, the shorter bodied 
tree will have a larger proportion of crown and consequently a higher 
proportion of the common grades and a lower average value for the 
lumber. (Plates X, A and X, B.) 

Influence of Rate of Growth and Age of Stand. 

The clean bodied and slow growing intermediate and suppressed trees 
of a given diameter in an old stand yield a larger proportion of the 
higher grades of lumber than dominant trees of the same diameter and 
height in younger stands on this same site. (Plates IX, A, and IX, B, 
also Plates XVI and XVII.) Tables 59 to 64 show the value of 
lumber sawed from trees of the same diameter and approximately the 
same height on an average in 45 and 65-year old stands. The trees 
above 14 inches in diameter in the 45-year old age stand (Quality I) 
are dominant. Trees from 14 to 18 inches in diameter in the 65-year 
old age stand (Quality I) are intermediate. There is a difference of 
about $2 per 1,000 board feet in the value of the lumber at Xorfolk. 
Since the cost of operation is the same for producing lumber from trees 
of the same size, this difference results in a higher stumpage for the older 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



129 



stand (Tables 62, 63, and 64). These tables also show a greater value 
of the wood from old trees, the diameters and heights of the trees being 
the same. 

In old field stands on dry soils the trees are of very rapid growth, 
contain coarse knots, and most of them are dominant. (Plate III.) 
For these reasons the yield of lower grades of lumber is also larger than 
in the more crowded and usually somewhat slower growing stands on 
forest soils. Eighty-five per cent of the lumber which is cut from stands 
35 to 50 years old growing on the poorer old field sites is of box grade; 
ten per cent, ISTo. 3 ; and the balance, largely bark strips, cull, and ISTo. 2. 
This does not apply, however, to dense old field stands on moist sites. 



Table 65.— Approximate Value Per 1,000 Board Feet F. O. B. Norfolk, Va., of Kiln-dried* 
Lumber Sawed from ^VELL Stocked Stands of Loblolly Pine of Different Ages Growing 
ON Different Quality Sites; Band-sawed 1-7 Inch Kerf; First Quarter, 1913, Prices.! 



Age of 
stand 


Value per 1,000 board feet, f. o. b. 


Norfolk, Va. 


of lumber from quality site 


Years 


I 


II 


Ill 


20 


S 15.50 


% 




$ - -— 


30 


15.60 
16.05 




15.50 
15.85 






40 




15.50 


50 


17.30 




16.55 




15.90 


60 


18.80 




17.85 




17.00 


70 


20.70 




19.75 




18.45 


80 


22.05 




21.10 




19.80 



The average tree being cut in the N^orfolk district is about 14 inches 
in diameter. Quality Site II, cutting to 7-inch breasthigh diameter. 
Such a tree (in the present open stands) would be about 55 years old 
and in first quarter 1913 would have had a stumpage value under an 
operating cost of $14 per 1,000 board feet, of about $3.05 per 1,000 
board feet mill cut or allowing for over run of 30 per cent above' log 
scale, a stumpage value of $3.85 based on the Doyle-Scribner scale, Avhich 
was close to the general price for average stumpage in the Norfolk dis- 
trict in the latter part of 1912 and first half of 1913. 



*Air dried circular-sawed lumber would be about $1.00 per 1,000 board feet lower. 
tJuly 1914 prices are about $1.50 per 1,000 board feet lower. 



130 



LOBLOLLY OR JfORTH CAROLINA FIXE. 



Table 66. — Approximate V.^lue Per 1,000 Board Feet of Stuiipage of Loblolly Pine in Stands 
OF Different Ages and on Different Quality Sites, Based on the F. O. B., Norfolk, Va., 
Values op Lumber Given in Table 65 and Valued on Mill Cut Band-s.^wed 1-7 Lnch Saw 
Kerf (First Quarter, 1913). 





Quality site I 


Quality site II 


Quality site III 


Age of 












stand 




Value of stumpage per 1,000 board feet under operating costs of 




Years 
















1 












$11 


113 Slo 


Sll 1 $13 


S15 


Sll 


$13 


S15 


20 


$ 4.50 


$ 2.50 


$ 0.50 


S 


$ 


$ 


s $ 


S- 


30 


4.60 


2.60 


.60 


4.50 


2.50 


.50 


4 .50 1 2 .50 


.50 


40 


5.05 


3.05 


1.05 


4.85 


2.85 


.85 


4.50 1 2.50 


.50 


50 


6.30 


4.30 


2.30 


5.55 


3.55 


1.55 


4.90 2.90 


.90 


60 


7.80 


5 .80 ; 3 .80 


6.85 


4.85 


2.85 


6.00 


4.00 


2.00 


70 


9.70 


7.70 


5.70 


8.75 


6.75 


4.75 


7.45 


5.45 


3.45 


80 


11.05 


9.05 


7.05 


10.10 


8.10 


6.10 


8.80 


6.80 


4.80 



While the stumpage values given in Table 66 for stands above 60 
years old, especially those on Quality Site I seem high, it is to be remem- 
bered that they are for timber in fully stocked stands which at such 
iiges contain many long-bodied trees more than 25 inches in diameter, 
and which yield a much larger proportion of upper grades than average 
stands now being operated. 

These stumpage values are based on mill-cut, band-sawed 1-7-inch kerf. 
Stumpage is bought, however, on the basis of Doyle-Scribner log scale. 
Consequently the value of commercial stumpage for any one age class 
would be greater than that given by the amount of the mill overrun 
above the Doyle-Seribner scale for the average tree in this age class. 
The mill overrun declines from about 40 per cent for stands in which 
the average tree has a breasthigh diameter of 8 inches to 10 per cent 
when the average tree becomes 17 inches in diameter breasthigh. 
Since there has been a decline of more than $1.50 per 1,000 board feet, 
mill run, in the value of lumber (July 1, 1914) after these computations 
were made in the first quarter of 1913, their stumpage values must be 
correspondingly reduced to adapt them to current lumber prices. 

With the same cost of operation if lumber is cut with a circular saw 
^/4-inch kerf the value of stumpage Avould be 15 per cent less than that 
given in Table 66 if the cost of operation and the selling price of the 
land were the same. 

The figaires in Table 66 show that at a certain stage in the develop- 
ment of a stand there is a very rapid increase in the value of its stump- 
age, preceded by a period of slow increase and followed by a period of 
.slow increase. So long as a number of sound trees in the stand con- 
tinue to pass from nonmerchantable to merchantable diameters (Table 
42) the rate of increase in price of stumpage is retarded. As soon. 
hoAVCA^er, as all the trees have entered merchantable size, rapid increase 
in average diameter begins to take place through the elimination of the 



LOBLOLLY OR IfORTH CAROLi:XA PIXE. 



131 



smallest trees by overcrowding, and this is accompanied by a rapid 
increase in price which continues until all widths of boards and all 
grades of lumber are represented in the stand, after which the rate of 
increase in price rapidly declines, although some increase in price con- 
tinues so long as diameter growth takes place and the trees remain 
sound. 

Table 67 gives the value per cubic foot of the wood of trees of loblolly 
pine of different diameters under different costs of operation in stands 
45 to 65 years old. By the time the tree has attained a diameter of 21 
inches the period of most rapid increase in value has been passed. 

Table 67. — Stumpage Value Per Cubic Foot of SxENrwooD of Trees of Loblollt PfNE of Dif- 
ferent Diameters in Stands 45 to 65 Years Old Based on Value for Sawtimber 



Diameter 


Opsrating expenses per 1,000 board feet 


Breast- 
high 


$11 


$13 


$15 


Inches 




Quality II* 




8 


$0,015 


$0.01 


SO .003 


9 


.02 


.011 


.003 


10 


.021 


.012 


.004 


11 


.022 


.013 


.005 


12 


.024 


.016 


.007 


13 


.026 


.017 


.008 


14 


.031 


.021 


.012 


15 


.038 


.027 


.016 


18 


.056 


.045 


.031 


21 


.07 


.058 


.054 


25 


.079 


.068 


.055 



•The wood of trees of Quality I except of small diameters has a slightly higher value than that of 
Quality II, and that of trees of Quality III a slightly lower value. 

The subsequent rate of increase in value is much slower. Younger 
stands have less values per cubic foot than those given. In stands 20 
years old, an 8-inch tree under a $13 cost of operation, would have 
a value of about $.002 per cubic foot ; in a 30-year old stand a value of 
about $.005 per cubic foot. Larger trees would increase in value pro- 
portionately with the value given. 



INCREASE IN STUMPAGE PRICE. 

Increase in volume and grade take place in a uniform manner with 
growth. Increase in utilization is dependent upon trade demand. The 
lowering of grades likewise meets trade conditions and can not be used 
as an investment factor. The increase in price of stumpage while fixed 
by supply and demand and subject to temporary fluctuations, is generally 
constant although at a progressively declining rate. Table 74 shows 
the rate of increase in the value of stumpage as purchased by mills dur- 
ing the past two decades, and the probable increase in value during the 



132 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



next two decades. While the table shows the actual increase in the 
value of commercial stumpage, it by no means shows the increase in 
the value of stumpage held as an investment, for the reason that the log- 
ging standards have decreased. 

In 1893 lumber from the present commercial tree was Avorth $11.45 
per 1,000 board feet. In 1913, on the basis of the same utilization, it 
was worth $20.81 per 1,000 board feet. With an operating cost of $11 
in 1893, stumpage was worth 45 cents; with an operating cost of 
$13.75 in 1913, stumpage of the same kind is worth $7.06 per 1,000 
board feet. 

The following list prices of the North Carolina Pine Association for 
1899 to 1911 inclusive, and actual reported sales to the Association for 
April and May, 1912, June, 1913, and June, 1914, of different grades 
4/4 edge below 12 inches, f.o.b. Norfolk, Va., show the general tendency 
towards higher prices of North Carolina Pine lumber during the past 25 
years : 







Prices f. o. b. 


, Norfolk, Va.. of 




Year 


No. 1 


No. 2 


No. 3 


No. 4 or box 


1889 
1890 


$ 15.00 
15.00 


$ 13 .00 
13.00 


S 9.50 
9.50 


$ 7.50 

7.50 


1891 


15.25 


13.00 


9.50 


7.75 


1892 


15.75 


13 .25 


9.50 


8.25 


1893 


15.50 


13.50 


9.50 


8.50 


1894 


14.50 


13.00 


9.50 


8.50 


1895 


13.75 


12.25 


9.25 


8.25 


1896 


13.75 


12.00 


9.00 


7.75 


1897 


13.65 


11.75 


9.00 


7.75 


1898 


14.60 


13.00 


10.00 


8.25 


1899 


18.00 


16.25 


12.75 


11.00 


1900 


20.00 


18.00 


14.00 


12.00 


1901 


20.00 


18.00 


13.25 


11.25 


1902 


20.00 


18.00 


13.00 


11.50 


1903 


20.00 


18.00 


13.50 


12.25 


1904 


22.00 


18.50 


14.50 


12.50 


1905 


27.50 


24.00 


19.50 


14.75 


1906 


30.00 


28.00 


21.50 


16.50 


1907 


27.50 


25.50 


17.50 


14.75 


1908 


27.00 


24.00 


17.50 


13.50 


1909 


27.00 


24.00 


17.50 


13.50 


1910 


27.00 


24.00 


17.50 


13.50 


1911 


27.00 


24.00 


17.50 


14.00 


1912 


25.99 


23.57 


17.67 


15.75 


1913 


28.45 


25.60 


19.17 


15.89 


1914 


25.81 


23.23 


16.06 


13.30 

■ 



Price list prices generally were from $0.50 to $1.50 higher than actual 
sales, consequently the increase has actually been greater than the 
upward trend of the figures would seem to indicate. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



133 



Table 68. — Feb Cent op Increase in Utilization and Per Cent op Increase in the Value of 
Stumpage by Decades 1893 to 1903 and 1913, of Loblolly Pine Timber, Norfolk District.* 

(South of the Roanoke River the average log and tree are larger but freight rates are higher.) 



Grades — Kiln-dried 



Norfolk, Va., prices 



1891-1893 



1901-1903 



Price 

per 

1,000 

bd. ft. 



Per 

cent 

of 

grades 



Price Per 

per cent 

1,000 of 

bd. ft. grades 



1911-1913 



Price 

per 

1,000 

bd. ft. 



Per 

cent 
of 



No. 1 Edge under 12 inches. 
No. 2 Edge under 12 inches. 
No. 3 Edge under 12 inches. 
No. 4 Edge under 12 inches. 

No.s. 1 and 2 bark strips 

Box bark strips! 

Cull and red heart§ 



(a) Value mill run f. o. b. Norfolk, 
per 1,000 board feet 



15.25 
13.15 
9.00 
8.00 
9.00t 
3.00t 
6.00 



S 11 .45 



$ 20.00 
18.00 
13.25 
11.75 
ll.OOt 
S.OOt 
8.50t 



t 14.32 



? 26 .00 
23.00 
17.50 
16.50 
19.00 
11.00 
14.50 



7.5 
7.5 
17.0 
61.0 
3.0 
3.0 
1.0 



$ 17.77 



20 inches 



18 inches 



14 inches 



250 bd. ft. 

230 bd. ft. 

90.4 per cent 
54 per cent 
70 bd. ft. 
$14 .32 
10 



100 bd. ft. 

100 bd. ft. 

100 per cent 
58 per cent 
32 bd. ft. 
$17.77 
25 



(b) Diameter of average tree 

(c) Volume Doyle-Scribner according to present 

utilization 420 bd. ft. 

(d) Volume as actually utilized (common logs not 

utilized) 360 bd. ft. 

(e) Per cent of past utilization on basis of present 

utilization (d^c) 85.7 per cent 

(f) Per cent of length of tree utilized 50 per cent 

(g) Volume of average log 110 bd. ft. 

(a) Value f. o. b., Norfolk, per 1,000 board feet $11.45 

(h) Per cent of increase in operating costs over 1892 

(i) Operating costs per 1,000 board feet, including 

profits and freight to establish Norfolk price 

parity $11.00 

(j) Stumpage value of utilized timber per 1,000 

board feet (a — i) 45 

(k) Stumpage value based on total content of tree 

(JXe) - 39 

(1) Annual rate increase in stumpage value based 

on used portion of tree (j) 1892 to 1902 17 per cent; 1902 to 1912 6.3 per cent 

(m) Annual rate of increase in stumpage value 

based on total content of tree (1). 1892 to 1902 18.4 per cent; 1902 to 1912 7 per cent 

(n) Decline in rate of increase between 1902 and 

1912 (total content) 260 per cent 

(o) Probable rate of increase in stumpage value 

for the next 20 years 2.7 per cent a year. 

(p) Stumpage value 14-inch trees in 1923 based on 

this rate of increase $5 .19 per 1,000 board feet 

(q) Stumpage value 14-inch trees in 1933 based on 

this rate of increase 16.78 per 1,000 board feet 

However, if the current rate of increase during the past decade (7 per cent) shall continue for the 
next 10 years, the price of stumpage in 1923 will be $7.65 per 1,000 board feet. 



$12.10 



2.22 



2.03 



$13.75 



4.02 



4.02 



•Groups of three years taken to avoid abnormal fluctuations in prices. 

tApproximate prices furnbhed by Mr. W. B. Roper, Secretary North Carolina Pine Association. 

{Bark strips were rarely saved prior to 1900. 

§There was a large proportion of red heart and cull in the early period on account of many of the 
very large trees being very defective. Small trees now being cut are seldom old enough to have a 
large proportion of red heart, and have few large knots. A large proportion of the red heart output 
of some mills comes from the pocoson pine. 



134 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



INCREASE IN TTILIZATION. 



Table 68 shows (e) the per cent of increase in the utilization of the 
tree during the past twenty years. Tliere is still some additional utiliza- 
tion possible, but largely at the expense of further reduction in grade. 
Small trees are used very closely in the tops. The heavy limbed top 
log of large trees is seldom used, however, on account of the numerous 
and very large knots more than 2 inches in diameter and the high cost 
of cutting off the large limbs. The use of clear slabs at the mills for 
laths is general. There is the possibility of using knotty slabs by resaw- 
ing on a hoi"izontal band saw and cutting out between the knots for 
heading or crate stock and such uses. There is also the possibility of 
using very knotty tops and limbs for chemical wood pulp, but this can 
be effected only at large, expensive and centrally located plants. Since 
1906, when Mr. George W. Roper called the attention of the ]^orth 
Carolina Pine Association to the waste in cutting all lumber in even 
lengths 12 feet or over, there has been a beneficial change in this respect, 
even lengths of 8 feet or more now being cut. It will be necessary, how- 
ever, both to take odd lengths and to use pieces shorter than 8 feet in 
order to secure complete woods' utilization of the stem and to further 
reduce the mill waste. 

MANAGEMENT. 

So long as thei^e was an unlimited supply of virgin forests, the pro- 
tection of young or old timber and close utilization of forest were not 
essential. At present, when approximately three-fourths of the annual 
cut of loblolly pine is obtained from cut-over land and is either the 
product of young growth or of small trees which were left at the pre- 
vious cutting, there is need for a change in the methods of handling the 
forest. 

In its present condition a great portion of the timberland is producing 
less than one-half of the amount of timber that it should, and much less 
than one-half of the net income of which it is capable. The stands 
are not full}^ stocked. Much of the timber, moreover, is short-bodied 
and knotty, and yields inferior grades of logs. With a lower yield 
per acre, the cost of logging is increased. If railroad construction 
amounts to 50 cents per thousand board feet with a stand of 3,000 feet 
per acre, its cost will be only 25 cents per thousand by doubling the cut 
per acre, while the costs of milling, felling, and loading decrease progres- 
sively as the contents of the logs increase. 

Well stocked loblolly pine stands are capable of producing annually 
more than 300 board feet per acre. On the best soils the production on 
large tracts should be 500 board feet per acre a year, and on the poorest 
soils, not less than 150 feet. The maintenance costs, taxes, and interest 
are practically as high on half-stocked woodland as on fully stocked, 
while the net earning capacity is more than twice as great in the 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 135 

case of the iuHy stocked laud. Moreover, the earning capacity of 
the soil can he largely increased, though not to the full possibilities, 
with slight additional cost. It is largely a question of (1) regulating 
cutting, (2) adequate protection for young growth from fires for fifteen 
years after lumbering, and (3) closer utilization. 

Few eastern American trees offer better and quicker returns under 
management and protection than the loblolly pine. It has the following 
advantages ; 

(a) It is a tree of rapid growth, especially in its youth. 

(b) It attains merchantable dimensions at an early age, making pos- 
sible the realization of early financial returns. 

(c) It seeds abundantly and at an early age; with proper protection 
there is no difficulty in securing on most soils thorough regeneration 
after logging. 

(d) On account of the large use of small timber for fuel and for cross 
ties, when logging Avith steam railroads, there is an excellent opportunity 
on large tracts for occasional improvement cutting at no cost, for better- 
ing the condition of the forest and placing it on a higher earning basis. 
It is also possible in many places and in many types of forest to make 
thinnings economically, since logs even of the smallest sizes, from 5 to 6 
inches in diameter at the small end, can be profitably used when the cost 
of operation is not too high. 

(e) Tliis pine forms in nuniy places pure even-aged forests, Avhich 
make logging and administration inexpensive. 

Under this caption the management of loblolly will be discussed as to 
the most profitable age and size at which to cut, the reduction of waste in 
logging, the methods of cutting to secure natural restocking and thin- 
ning. 

MOST PROFITABLE AGE AND SIZE AT WHICH TO CUT. 

Mixed Stands. 

In mixed stands of loblolly pine and hardwoods, in which culling or 
cutting to a diameter limit can be practiced, the most profitable trees 
to cut can be determined by the rate with which they increase in value. 
When the rate of increase in value declines to sLx per cent, the tree can 
be considered financially mature. This is not, however, a six per 
cent investment as the rate is not reckoned on the investment value 
of the property as a whole but merely on the current value of the 
tree. Since the rate of increase in value during the earlier part of its 
life is much higher than six per cent, and since in addition there is a 
constant appreciation in the value of stumpage through the increase in 
the price of lumber, the average rate of increase in value during the two 
decades preceding cutting is higher than six per cent. From this rate, 
however, are to be deducted taxes, the cost of protection and admin- 
istration charges. Table 69 gives the rate per cent of increase in 
value of trees of loblolly pine on Quality I sites in culled hardwood 
swamps. 



136 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 69. — Rate Per Cent of Increase in Value of Dominant and Intermediate Trees of 
Loblolly Pine in Mixed Culled Stands on Good Sites. (Value Based on Lumber Band- 
sawed.) 



breast^ Approximate time 
i.:„u • required to grow an 
^ 1 inch in diameter, 
Inches breasthigh-Years 


Approximate stumpage 

value per tree under 

a cost of operation 

of $13 per 1.000 board 

feet 


Rate of 

increase in value in 

growing to next inch 

diameter class— Per cent 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


4 
4 
5 
5 

5 
6 
6 
8 

10 


S 0.22 

.34 

.52 

.76 

1.09 

1.49 

1.92 

2.57 

3.30 

4.37 


11.5 
11.2 
7.9 
7.1 
6.9 
4.8 
4.5 
3.2 
2.4 









Trees should be cut, therefore, when they are between 14 and 15 
inches in diameter breasthigh, at which size their rate of increase in 
value (neglecting increase in price) becomes equal to the current inter- 
est rate. If held to a large diameter, the rate of increase declines below 
the current rate at which the money invested in the tree could be loaned. 
If the value is based on the contents by the Doyle-Scribner rule, the rate 
of increase in value declines to six per cent at the same size. By cut- 
ting at this diameter there will be about l4 logs to 1,000 board feet by 
Doyle-Scribner rule and the average f. o. b. Norfolk value of the log 
run output will be about $20.50 per 1,000 board feet. 

Pure Even^aged Stands for Saw Timber. 

From the standpoint of the landowner the age at which loblolly pine 
stands yield annually the highest net profits, or the largest average per 
cent of profit on the investment is the most important consideration. 
The determination of the net profits must take into consideration the 
value of the soil, the interest on it for the period of the investment, 
and the annual expenditures for taxes, supervision and protection of the 
property, and the yearly compounded interest on these various items. 
The sum of these expenses determines the cost of production. 

In determining the value of standing timber at a given age it is 
assumed that the present grades of kimber will remain the same and the 
prices will not decline. However, since stumpage values are not abso- 
lute, but vary with the cost of logging and the freight rates to the near- 
est general market, it is necessary to base calculations on a reasonable 
range of stumpage values. In applying the figures it is necessary, there- 
fore, to select the table in which the elements of cost are nearest to the 
actual conditions. Since Norfolk, Virginia, is the chief distributing 
market for North Carolina pine lumber, all costs of operation are 
figured in relation to the Norfolk prices, with a sufficient allowance to 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XIY. 




Stand 50 to 60 years o'.d, Quality II. on permanent lob'.oUy pine site, wliich was culled of the dominant trees 
fifteen years ago. This stand, consequently, is formed of the intermediate and suppressed trees of 
the original stand, which accounts for the very clean and slender stems. Under a better method of 
cutting, this stand would have produced at this time 35,000 board feet to the acre, the average log 
being 45 feet D.-S. and yielding more than 60 per cent No. 3 grade lumber and better. Desirable 
type of seed trees marked "S." (Author's illustration.) 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECOXOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XV, 




Unthinned stand 80 years old, Quality II, on permanent loblolly pine site, in process of lumbering. Although 
of good size, the upper logs are prevailingly knotty. This stand would have been benefited by the 
removal of the dominant trees 25 to 30 years ago. Scale of average log about 50 feet, D.-S. Such 
a stand will yield 30 per cent of lumber of Grades No. 1 and No. 2. Desirable type of seed trees 
marked "S." (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAROLINA PINE. 137 

cover the freight differential to establish Norfolk parity in price. The 
elements of costs per 1,000 board feet in an actual operation are as 
follows : 

Logging, felling, bucking and swamping $3.55 

Railroad construction 40 

Hauling to mill on railroad or towage 60 

Milling, drying, stacking, and grading 1.95 

Selling and discount 35 

Overhead charges (interest, insurance, salaries, taxes, sink- 
ing fund, and profits) 3.60 

Freight differential to establish Norfolk price parity 2.40 

Total cost of operation per 1,000 feet $12.85 

Some of these items are paid for on the basis of the wood's scale and 
this must be converted to the mill cut; while there is a ci-edit in the 
excess of the mill cut above the Doyle-Scribner wood's scale which in the 
ease of very small timber may materially affect the apparent cost of the 
operations. When all woods' work is paid for by the day the stumpage 
and other costs are based on the direct output of the mill using the band 
saw or circular saw table as the case may require. 

The cost of operation in this case would be regarded, in round figures, 
as $13 and stumpage values figured accordingly. 

To provide for a wide range of conditions three costs of operation 
have been used : a low cost at $11 per 1,000 feet ; a medium cost at $13 ; 
and a high cost at $15. The one must be selected which most nearly 
suits the conditions of each individual case. 

Since some of the important factors of expense Avhich enter into the 
cost of growing timber are variable, it is impossible to make any one set 
of calculations which will accurately determine the cost and profit in 
producing loblolly pine timber on cut-over lands, at all places within 
ISTorth Carolina where there is no cost of stocking. Consequently the cal- 
culations are made on the basis of what are assumed to be average con- 
ditions. A soil value of $5 an acre is used, and a rate of interest of six 
per cent compounded is allowed on the soil value. The increase in the 
soil value and the increase in stumpage price will in part cover the cost 
of protection and taxes. A deduction of one per cent from the rate of 
profit added to the increase in stumpage and soil values will undoubtedly 
more than cover taxes, protection, and administration charges within a 
growing period of fifty years. Since there is no cost of stocking other 
than protection and leaving seed trees, the initial investment is practi- 
cally limited to the soil value. The growth of the seed trees, if they are 
carefully selected, should approximately cover the interest on their 
initial value. 

Table 70 shows on the basis of Doyle-Scribner rule the rate of 
interest yielded by fully stocked unthinned stands of loblolly pine with 
a soil value of $5 an acre, at different ages on different quality sites, and 



138 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



Table 70. — Value of Fcllv Stocked Stands of I-oblolly Pine, as Scaled by Doyle-Scribner 
Rule, at Different Ages on Different Quality Sites and Under Di'fferent Costs of 
Operation; and the Per Cent of Interest on an Initial Investment of S5 an Acre 
Represented by This Value. 









Quality 


[ 






Age of 
stand 

Years 


Operating 

expenses 

$11 


Rate of 

compound 

interest 

on an 

investment 

of S5 an 

acre 

Per cent 


Operating 

expenses 

$13 


Rate of 

compound 

interest 

on an 

investment 

of $5 an 

acre 

Per cent 


Operating 

expenses 

$15 


Rate of 

compound 

interest 

on an 

investment 

of $5 an 

acre 

Per cent 


25 


$ 33 

74 


8 
9 


S 18 

42 


6.1 
7.0 


$ 4 

10 




30 


4.0 


40 


143 


8 


87 


8.0 


30 


5.0 


50 


231 


7 


158 


7.0 


84 


6.0 


60 


326 


7 


243 


6.5 


159 


6.0 


70 


423 




336 


6 1 


249 


4 5 


80 


496 




406 




316 













Quality II 



$ 6 
31 
80 
132 
193 
267 
325 



0.8 
6.0 
7.0 
6.5 
6.3 



$ 3 

17 

47 

84 

136 

206 

261 



5.0 
6.0 
6.0 
5.5 



i 1 

3 
14 
37 
80 
145 
196 



3.0 
4.5 
5.0 

5.0 
4.5 









Quality III 






25 








30 




1 


i 


40 


S 27 

61 
97 
141 
177 


4.0 
5.0 
4.5 


$ 15 
36 
65 
103 
137 




$ 3 
11 
32 
65 
97 




50 


4.0 
4.5 
4.5 
4.0 




60 
70 


3.5 
4 


80 




4.0 









with different costs of operation. The less favorable the quality site, the 
later is the age at which the maximum interest rate is attained. Like- 
wise, as the cost of operating increases and stumpage value decreases, the 
period at which the stand attains its maximum interest rate is post- 
poned and the rate of interest yielded is lower. 

On Quality I site Avith operating costs of $11 per 1,000 feet, the maxi- 
mum rate, 9 per cent, is obtained on the soil value of $5 an acre when 
the stand is 30 years old; with costs of $13 per 1,000 feet, a maximum 
rate of 8 per cent is obtained when the stand is 40 years old; with costs 
of $15 per 1,000 feet, the maximum rate is 6 per cent and is attained 
when the stand is 50 years old. 

On Qualitv II site tlie maximum interest rate on the soil value of $5 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



139 



T.\^BLE 71. — Stumpage Value Per Acre of Fully Stocked Stands of Loblolly Pine at Dif- 
ferent Ages on Different Quality Sites and Under Various Costs of Oper.\tion; and 

THE R.\TES OF Co.MPOUND INTEREST YIELDED ON AN InITI.^L SoIL VaLUE OF $5 AN AcRE. B.4SED 

ON Mill Cut 1-7 Inch S.a.w Kerf. 

Quality I 







Operating 


expenses per 


1,000 board feet at 




Age 
Years 


$11 


$13 


$15 


Value of 
stand 


Gross rate 

of compound 

inetrest 

yielded 

on S5 

Per cent 


Value of 
stand 


Gross rate 

of compound 

interest 

J^elded 

on $5 

Per cent 


Value of 
stand 


Gross rate 

of compound 

interest 

yielded 

on $5 

Per cent 


20 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 


$ 65 

133 
193 
280 
380 
500 
592 


14 
11 
8 
7 
6 
5 
5 


$ 36 

75 
116 
191 
283 
397 
485 


11 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 


S 7 
17 
40 
102 
185 
294 
378 


4.5 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 
5.0 



Quality II 



30 


72 


9 


40 


8 


8 


3 


40 


130 


8 


77 


7 


23 


3 


50 


188 


7 


120 


6 


53 


3 


60 


262 


6 


185 


5 


109 


3 


70 


358 


6 


276 


5 


194 


3 


80 


431 


5 


345 


5 


260 


4 



Quality III 



30 


32 


7 


18 


5 


4 


2 


40 


76 


7 


42 


6 


8 


2 


50 


113 


5 


67 


5 


21 


2 


60 


161 


4 


107 


4 


54 


2 


70 


218 


4 


159 


4 


101 


3 


80 


271 


4 


209 


4 


148 


3 



an acre is 7 per cent obtained from a stand 40 years old with operating 
expenses of $11 per 1,000 feet; 6 per cent from a stand 50 years old 
with operating expenses of $13 per 1,000 feet; and 5 per cent from a 
stand 60 years old when the operating expenses are $15 per 1,000 feet. 

On Quality III site the maximum interest rate on the soil value of 
$5 an acre is 5 per cent obtained from a stand 50 years old when the 
operating expenses are $11 per 1,000 feet; 4.5 per cent from a stand 60 
years eld when the operating expenses ai'e $13 per 1,000 feet ; and 4 per 
cent from a stand 70 years old when the operating expenses are $15 
per 1,000 feet. Table 71 is similar to Table 70, but is on the basis of 
actual mill cut (1-7-inch saw kerf). 



140 



LOBLOLLY OR N^OKTH CAROLINA TINE. 



Pure Even-aged Stands for Cordwood. 

Cordwood either with or without bark is chiefly used for fuel, pulp- 
wood, crate, stave and heading stock. There is little, if any, increase 
in price with increase in size, if small trees less than 6 inches in diam- 
eter brea&thigh are excluded. In fixing, therefore, the most profitable 
age for cutting cordwood only the volume of the stands and the cost of 
producing it need be considered. Table 72 gives the age at which cord- 
wood is most cheaply produced, assuming the value of the land at $5 
an acre and an interest rate of six per cent with no expense for re- 
stocking or protection. The cheapest cost of production on all quality 
sites is when the stand is between 25 and 30 years old. The yields at 
this age are given in Table 37. If cutting is done to a larger diameter 
in the top or if knotty tops are excluded, as shown in discussing this 
table, a deduction must be made from the volume given in Table 37 and 
a corresponding increase made in the cost of growing. 

Table 72. — Cost of Gro'wing Cordwood in Fully Stocked St.vnds of Loblolly Pine at Dif- 
ferent Ages on Different Qu.\lity Sites on Land Valued at So an Acre and Interest at 
Six Per Cent. 

Stem Wood Only from Trees Six Inches and Over in Diameter. 



Age of 
stand 


Value of $5 
compounded at 
6% for the 
period, less 
the initial 
investment 


Cost of growing a cord of 
160 cubic feet, peeled 


Cost of growing a standard cord 
of 128 cubic feet, bark included 


Quality 


Quality 


Years 


I 


II 


III 


I 


II 


III 


25 
30 
40 
50 


$ 16.45 
23.65 
56.40 
87.10 


$ 0.50 
.55 
.97 


S 0.74 

.79 

1.34 


$ 1.37 
1.31 
2.02 
2.49 


$ 0.26 
.31 
.59 
.83 


$ 0.41 

.44 

.78 

1.05 


S .75 

.71 

1.13 

1.45 











If reasonably clear wood only is used the yields of the stands would 
be reduced about 15 per cent and there would be an increase of about 
15 per cent in the cost of growing the wood. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



141 



o « 



a 






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ca (u o ".s*^—' 






Afe 



t3 >j 



lo W3 r* r* 



■k' (SO 

n .2.5 " 






lO CO ^^ *H 00 t^ lO 



** « S eS 
ea (B « "S.s**.; 






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<^ ^ kO 40 O CO t* 



*-• U5 Cs 



O lO -^ OO 



o « « 

d a <3 



eococo-^^iocoo 



Ci ira ic CO 






OiCco»nr^C50^ 



w °2 






m c> K C A ki 



CO CC C5 ^ ^ 



CJlOOO-^tOOiCOOO 

c^e^joicococo^'^ 



v oo-d 



J. 

5 23 

(5^ 



-HC^IC^-^iCOt^OO 



142 LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

Open Pure Uneven-aged Stands. 

The per cent of increase in the value of the individual tree can also 
be applied in fixing a diameter limit for cutting in open pure or slightly 
mixed uneven-aged stands or groups in Avhich the openness is caused 
by fires and unregulated cutting. Table 73 gives the rate per cent of 
increase in value for one inch increase in diameter of the dominant 
trees in irregular open stands on different quality sites. The diameters 
which correspond to a six per cent rate of increase are 18 inches on 
Quality I, 17 inches on Quality II, and 16 inches on Quality III. 

DETERMINATION OF YIELD. 

One of the most important problems in connection with the proper 
management of loblolly pine lands is the determination of the yield 
which could be secured from a ti'act within a definite period; or in the 
case of larger tracts, it might be desirable to know the amount of timber 
which could be felled yearly to supply a mill without lessening the 
producing capacity of the forest during a subsequent period. 

In the case of small tracts which are fully stocked, the quality site 
can be ascertained and the yield determined from the yield tables for 
the class of timber desired, and the age at which it would be necessary 
to fell. 

In the case of large tracts, not only will it be necessary to map and 
determine the areas of the different forest types and quality sites, but to 
indicate the age and condition of each stand. Waste and unproductive 
land and young stands from which no yield can be expected within the 
period to be considered should be eliminated. The productive lands 
should be grouped according to their growing capacity, and the quantity 
of the material into : 

1. Very open, pure, even-aged stands in Avhich the trees are somewhat 
short-bodied. The yield of these stands can be obtained by means of 
Table 73. 

2. Pure, even-aged sapling and pole stands of good density. The 
yields of these can be secured direct from the yield tables. (Tables 
35 to 41.) 

3. Pure and mixed old stands. Growth is practically stationary in 
such stands, such increment as takes place in young trees being bal- 
anced by the death or decay of old ones. 

4. Mixed young and middle-aged stands ; and pure, uneven-aged 
stands, which usually have been culled, but the trees in which have 
stems of nearly normal length. By means of Table 73 it is possible 
to determine approximately the smallest sized dominant trees of loblolly 
pine which will attain merchantable diameter by a designated year. 
Trees of this diameter and larger can be tallied on a known percentage 



LOBLOLLY OR XORTH CAROLINA PIXE. 



143 



of the area by means of strips. After obtaining the average number of 
trees of each diameter per acre the proportion of the total area which is 
occupied by these trees can be ascertained by means of Table 74, which 
which gives the crown space in per cent of an area required for the 
growth of trees of different diameters. If these trees are separated into 
diameter groups and the diameter of the average tree in each group 
determined, the average age of the trees in each diameter group can be 
calculated by means of Tables 42, 43, and 44. Knowing the quality site, 
and the approximate age of the groups, and the proportion each group 
contributes to the stocking, it is possible, by means of the yield tables to 
obtain the approximate yield from the subordinate as well as the domi- 
nant crown classes at the period desired. 



Table 74. — Crown ?pace in Per Cent of Acre Required bv Do.minant Trees of Loblolly 
Pine of Different Diameters on Different Quality Sites. 



Diameter 








Breasthigh 


Quality I 


Quality II 


Quality III 


Inches 








8 


.0019 


.0027 


.0026 


9 


.0024 


.0037 


.0035 


10 


.0031 


.0048 


.0045 


11 


.0038 


.0058 


.0055 


12 


.0046 


.0070 


.0065 


13 


.0054 


.0083 


.0080 


14 


.0064 


.0096 


.0096 


15 


.0073 


.0109 


.0109 


16 


.0084 


.0122 


.0122 


17 


.0094 


.0135 


.0135 


18 


.0104 


.0149 


.0149 


19 


.0115 


.0163 


.0163 


20 


.0127 


.0179 


.0179 


21 


.0139 
.0151 
.0168 
.0211 


.0195 
.0212 




22 




23 




24 









IXCREASINO THE REVENUE FROM TIMBERLAXD. 

Eeducing Waste in Logging. 

A considerable source of loss of timber is the cutting of extra long 
logs. The usual length of allowance is four inches above the scale 
length of the log. Logs are frequently cut, however, with 6 or 8 inches 
extra length. If cutting is carefully done a 3-inch allowance is suf- 
ficient for logs less than 14 inches in diameter and 4 inches for logs of 
lai'ger diameter. 

Another source of loss is in cutting extra high stumps. This is sel- 
dom done now, however, except by contractors, small mill men, or 
unskilled farm laborers, hired during the winter months. As a rule, 
stumps are cut as low in loblolly pine logging as is possible. One rea- 



144 



LOBLOLLY OK NOKTH CAROLINA PINE. 



son for this is that the trees often grow on small hillocks or mounds, 
which enables the sawyer to cut low without too much discomfort in 
stooping. Some loggers require stumps of all trees less than 16 inches 
in diameter to be less than a foot high. A reasonable height for 
stumps is one equal to the diameter of the tree up to 18 inches. There 
is no necessity, however, for increasing the height of the stump above 
18 inches; even large trees can be sawn as low as that without making 
the sawyer stoop. (Plate XXIII.) 



Table 75. — Value op Lumber, F. O. B., Norfolk, Va., Contained in One Foot of Sound Stump. 



Diameter breast- 
high of tree 

Inches 


Value of lumber 
f. 0. b. Norfolk 


Diameter breasthigh 
of tree 

Inches 


Value of lumber 
f. 0. b. Norfolk 


8 


$ 0.05 


15 


$ 0.27 


9 


.06 


16 


.31 


10 


.08 


17 


.36 


11 


.11 


18 


.41 


12 


.15 


19 


.46 


13 


.18 


20 


.53 


14 


.22 


21 


.59 



The loss from high stumps, as from long logs, although trifling for 
each tree, in the aggregate amounts to a great deal at the end of a year 
in large cuttings. The stump contains the very best quality of timber in 
the tree, and eveiy inch of it should be taken when possible. 

Table 75 shows the loss in lumber in every linear foot of sound 
stump which is left unused. These values are based on the N^o. 1 grade 
butt logs. 

If an additional linear foot could be utilized from only one-fourth of 
the trees cut in a year's operation, it would add to the Norfolk value of 
the output $360 for every million feet sawed. This is on the basis of a 
13-inch tree, scaling 125 board feet Doyle-Scribner. By lowering the 
height of the stumps and cutting the logs as short as possible, not only 
an additional 2 feet of height may be obtained but the scale yield from 
the tree may often be increased by throwing the logs in a larger diameter 
class. By shortening the upper logs large knots will often be thrown 
into the log above, which is usually of lower grade, and in this way 
raise the grades of several boards sawed from the log below. (Page 106.) 

Another source of loss in cutting is the injuiy done to small trees by 
breaking them down. This loss is not reflected in immediate operations 
but it lessens the future yield, since it destroys trees which would prob- 
ably have yielded several saw logs by the time of the second cut. (Plate 
XXI.) 

One of the greatest wastes in logging and one which can be greatly 
reduced, is using vigorous young trees of pine and other valuable spe- 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. . 145 

cies for cross-ties in trams and logging roads. A tree large enough to 
make such a cross-tie is from 8 to 12 inches in diameter on the stump, 
and there are about 500 such trees used in laying one mile of tramway. 
If the increment on these trees amounts to 2,850 feet, board measure, 
a year until the time of the second cutting in ten years, there has been a 
loss of 28,000 feet of timber from the 320 acres -which was logged by 
means of this spur road. This loss amounts to 85 board feet per acre. 
Some loggers, especially where the mill men own the timber, take up 
the cross-ties and relay them several times. Others, however, never 
use a tie the second time, after the spikes are drawn. The loss of this 
young timber is an immense drain on the future yield of the forest and 
goes far toward keeping it in its depleted condition, as it destroys so 
many trees which Avould be the largest trees at the time of the next 
cutting. Over the greater portion of the pine land there is sufficient 
scrubby hardwood to be used for ties. Where the track is temporary 
and there is an abundant supply of small hardwood, owners of tim- 
berland should specify in their sale contracts, or in logging contracts, 
that all cross-ties and bridge timbers are to be cut from the cheaper 
class of hardwoods; black gum, oaks, and maples. Where there is 
an insufficient supply of hardwood timber, the best portion of the 
tops of medium grade pines which are cut for saw logs should be used, 
or short bodied or defective pines which will not make good milling 
trees by the next cutting, or trees thinned from dense groups of pine. 

There is also some waste of timber in skidding, a considerable portion 
of which should be avoided, by using for skidways and loading tables, 
logs of a poor class of hardwoods, defective pines or trees from thick 
groups of pines which need thinning. The same applies to the use of 
timber for the construction of corduroy roads, small bridges, cribbing, 
and trusses. 

Another item in which there is great waste of young timber is fuel 
for logging locomotives. The contractors or cutters, who supply fuel, 
generally take out the clearest and straightest young trees on account of 
the ease with which they can be split. Defective trees, whenever pos- 
sible, should be used for such fuel, and where the locomotive boiler 
furnace is large enough to take round wood, the knotty part of the tops 
Avhich can not be split, should be utilized^ in that way, together with 
the limbs. Where all the fuel for the logging locomotives can not be 
supplied in this way, the rest of it should be cut from groups of young 
trees which require thinning. In fact this offers, together with the use 
of young trees for cross-ties, the best means of making, at no expense, 
thinnings which will be of great benefit to the forest and largely improve 
its condition, and increase, instead of decreasing, the yield at the time 
of the next cutting. In logging over a large tract 20,000 to 50,000 acres, 
nearly one cord of fuel is required for moving 10,000 feet of logs from 
the forest to the sa^wmill. If even one-half of this is young timber, it 
means the removal of four 8-inch trees, or their equivalent, per acre for 
10 



146 LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

locomotive fuel. If these trees are 8 inches in diameter, ttere is a loss 
at the next cutting in ten years of 160 feet, board measure, per acre. 
Large numbers of small trees are also needlessly broken down by saw- 
yers ; by careless felling, or are cut for bed trees. 

Rules to Govern Logging. 

Owniers of timberland who wish to (1) prevent waste of their timber 
and (2) cut to the most advantageous size for securing the greatest 
present yields from the forest and maintain it on a producing basis 
should require of loggers the observance of the following regulations : 

(1) Rigid protection from fires must be afforded all cut-over lands 
during re-stocking, since probably one-fifth of all the young timber, 
except on wet soil, is destroyed or injured by fires. 

(2) Sound young pines unless suppressed, must not be used for tram- 
road cross-ties, for fuel for locomotives, corduroy roads, skidAvays, etc., 
unless it is impossible to obtain other timber. 

(3) When no other timber is available for the above uses young 
pines in dense groups and crooked, limby, short-bodied, or oppressed 
trees which will not make clear merchantable logs of good size by the 
next cutting must be used in preference to other trees. 

(4) Large trees must not be thrown in clumps of young trees. 

(5) No dominant or codominant trees less than 16 inches in diameter 
breasthigh must be cut unless taken from a dcase group. 

(6) In case of clean cutting seed trees must be left. 

(7) Stumps must not be higher than the diameter in the case of trees 
under 18 inches in diameter on the stump, and not more than 18 inches 
in larger trees. 

(8) Sound merchantable logs 6 inches or more in diameter used for 
skidAvays and loading platforms must not be left in the woods. 

Increase in Cost of Handling Small Timber. 

The increase in the cost of handling and converting was found to be 
about 3.3 per cent for each decrease of 10 board feet in the Doyle-Scrib- 
ner scale of the log in the smaller diameters. The size of the mill-run 
h)g between the years 1895 and 1900 was more than 80 feet. It is now 
between 30 and 40 feet, Doyle-Scribner, in many of the larger mills 
operating in the ISTorfolk district. If the cost of logging and milling 
a 13-inch log, scaling 81 feet by the Doyle-Scribner rule, is regarded as 
100 per cent, then the increase in the cost of logging and milling smaller 
logs can be showTi by the per cent of increase over the cost for this size 
log. Table 76 shows the cost of logging and manufacture of logs of 
different sizes allowing a 3.3 per cent increase in cost for every decrease 
of 10 feet in the scale of the log. 



f 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



147 



Table 76. — Incuease ix the Cost of Manufacturing Lumber With Decrease in the Size of 

THE Log. 



Diameter of log 


• Scale of log 


Cost of logging and milling 


Inches 


Feet b. m. 


Per cent 


13 


81 


100 


12 


64 


105 


11 


49 


110 


10 


36 


115 


9 


25 


120 



It would cost 15 per cent more to manufacture lumber from lO-inch 
logs than from 13-incli logs, consequently, disregarding the oven-un, the 
larger logs might be regarded as 15 per cent more valuable than the 
small ones even if the value of the lumber per 1,000 feet Avere the same 
from logs of both sizes. 

RELATIVE VALUE OF TREES FOR DIFFERENT USES. 

The wood of loblolly pine is commonly measured either as logs, 
scaled by Doyle-Scribner rule, or as cords of 128 cubic feet with the 
bark on, or as cords of 160 cubic feet with the bark peeled. Piling is 
now usually purchased on the same basis as logs for lumber — the diam- 
eter of the log being taken in the middle (the average of the two ends) 
and the volume of the log scaled by a log rule. Since only the straightest 
and longest bodied trees are used for piling, the stumpage value of tim- 
ber selected for this use should be higher than that of the same size sold 
for milling purposes. Veneer is generalh' cut from logs 16 inches and 
over in diameter. In smaller logs there is too large a proportion of 
waste in the wood which is left in the core. Small coarse grained and 
somewhat knotty stock can be used for crate veneers, but for panel veneer 
fine grained timber, either free from knots or with only a few knots, is 
desired. Pine veneer stock is purchased entirely by log scale, and its 
value, consequently, is that of the appropriate grades and sizes of logs 
which are purchased. (Tables 50 to 54.) (Plate XII, C shows excel- 
lent veneer logs.) 

Only small timber is purchased by the cord. Bolts for boxes and 
crates, staves and headings are purchased by the cord Avith the bark on. 
Pulpwood stock is purchased by the cord generally with the bark re- 
moved or rossed. (For proportion of bark see Table 34.) The relative 
value of small trees of different sizes for cordwood, both rossed and 
with the bark on and for sawtimber is shown in Table 77. Stumpage 
values in the table are placed at $1.00 per thousand feet for lumber; at 
$1.00 a long cord for wood measured after it is rossed, dried and racked ; 
and at $1.00 a cord for wood measured with the bark on. To use this 
table it is necessary to multiply the volumes which are given in the table 
for trees of each diameter by the relation of the stumpage at $1.00 to the 



148 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



actual stumpage price whicli is offered, using as a basal diameter the 
diameter breasthigh of the average sized tree on the tract. For ex- 
ample : If board measure stumpage were worth $1.50 per thousand feet, 
the volume which is given for the average tree in the board measure 
column should be multiplied by 1.50. If the cordwood stumpage meas- 
ured after peeling were worth 50 cents a cord, the value given of the 
average sized tree which is under this head should be multiplied by 
.50. A comparison of the two resultant figures will show in which form 
the timber could be marketed most profitably. Cords of 128 cubic feet 
with bark on can be converted to cords of 160 cubic feet with bark on 
by deducting one-fifth from the value per cord of 128 feet. The table 
is based on all trees in stands 6 inches and over in diameter breasthigh. 
Cordwood is cut to 3 inches inside the bark at the top for small trees 
and 6 inches for large trees. If knotty tops are not used the values of 
the trees must be reduced about one-tenth. 

Table 77. — Comparative Value of Trees op Different Sizes for Cordwood With the Bark 
ON, Cordwood Peeled, and fob Lumber (Scaled by Doyle-Scribner Rule). 

(Based on the average tree. Quality II) 



Diameter 

Breasthigh 

Inches 


Cordwood, 128 cubic feet, 

with the bark on at Jl 

a cord 


Cordwood, 160 cubic feet, 

measured after peeling, 

at $1 a cord 


Saw logs scaled by Doyle- 
Scribner rule, at $1 a 
1,000 board feet 


6 


S .065 


S .036 


$ .01 


7 


.08 


.045 


.013 


8 


.126 


.07 


.023 


9 


.174 


.95 


.04 


10 


.225 


.12 


.056 


11 


.28 


.17 


.076 


12 


.325 


.205 


.10 


13 


.40 


.25 


.122 


14 


.475 


.29 


.156 


15 


.54 


.34 


.18 


16 


.625 


.40 


.22 


17 


.71 


.46 


.25 


18 


.79 


.51 


.29 



SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF CUTTING IN DIFFERENT TYPES. 

The widely different conditions under which loblolly pine grows re- 
quire different methods of cutting in order to obtain the most thorough 
restocking. At times, however, it is not possible to adopt what is re- 
garded as the most suitable system of restocking on account of the 
method of logging which is employed, and there must be a compromise 
in order to meet the logging requirements. 

There are in common use tliree different methods of logging loblolly 
pine. On wet land logging railroads are used with cable skidding, gen- 
erally with overhead cable; or sometimes skidding is done by cable 
direct from the streams or canals dug for the purpose. On uplands log- 
ging railroads are used, particularly on large tracts in extensive opera- 
tions with slack cable skidding or drag skidding. This is frequently 



N. 0. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XVII. 




Staud shown in Plate XVI after a combined first cutting and improvement thinning. Most of the knotty 
dominant trees have been cut, leaving the stand formed entirely of slender, clean-stemmed codomi- 
nant and intermediate trees. These, with increased diameters, will yield from 3 to 3% nearly 
clear logs, which will saw out approximately the same type of wood as that shown in Plate IX-B. 
More than 3,000 feet D.-S. per acre were removed from the stand in this cutting. The average log, 
however, scaled less than 12 feet. (Author's illustration.) 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XVI. 




Stand 25 to 30 years old, Quality II, before being thinned. The large knots on the dominant trees 

are noteworthy. Trees to be removed in first improvement thinning 

marked "X." (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 149 

supplemented with wheel logging. Wheels alone are used by farmers in 
logging woodlots. They are also often used exclusively in logging such 
tracts as are near floating water, in which case the timber is logged by 
wheels to the water and then rafted to the mill. 

Logging with railroad and overhead cable on wet land necessitates 
either clear cutting or cutting in strips since the breakage of small trees 
is very large. The cost of construction is comparatively heavy. Man- 
agement consequently can not be intensive since relatively long intervals 
must elapse between cutting periods. Logging with railroad on upland 
with ground cable skidding is not so expensive as swamp logging and 
the breakage of small timber is not so gi'eat ; consequently it can be re- 
peated at more frequent inteiwals. (Plate XXI.) Logging Avith wheels 
permits cutting at short intervals in veiy intensive operations. (Plates 
XIV and XX.) In deciding on the method of cutting it is necessary 
to take into consideration the method of logging. The object is to afford 
the most frequent cutting periods, Avhich are consistent with high earn- 
ing power. 

The following methods of cutting on different types of forests are 
recommended. 

(1) UiAand Old Fichh. 

On dry soils loblolly pine forms pure stands only on old fields or on 
longleaf pine or shortleaf pine land, which have been cut clean and 
burned, and where the naked soil conditions resemble those of old fields. 
The small intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands recuperate 
slowly after logging. Since the suppressed trees are invariably short- 
bodied, a second cutting must be deferred for a long time. This results 
in the crowns of these trees becoming large and interfering with the 
growth of the young stand Avhich appears in the openings after the first 
cut. For this reason clean cutting is preferable on all such sites, (Plate 
III.) The mature stand should be removed in one or two cuttings. In 
case two cuttings are made, the smaller and less promising trees, as well 
as the knottiest trees, should be removed at the first cutting. The scat- 
tered seed tree system of reproduction should be used ; from 3 to 6 trees 
should be left per acre, unless there are near-by dominant trees in mature 
stands which can be relied upon. The best formed trees should be re- 
served for seed trees. If the trees are wind-firm, isolated seed trees of 
the dominant class may be left. If, as is frequently the case, on dry, 
heavy clays of the Piedmont, or when sand in the Coastal Plain is under- 
lain by hardpan, the trees are not wind-firm (Pig. 3, a and h), seed trees 
should be left only in groups. If these seed trees have slender, clean 
stems, they can be carried over until the succeeding stand is cut, when 
their large diameters and clear timber will render them extremely valu- 
able. 



150 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLIXA PINE. 

On the dry sandhills or Piedmont uplands loblolly pine reproduces 
thoroughly only when its seed come in direct contact with mineral soil. 
Stands on very sandy soil are frequently destitute of undergrowth, and 
the leaf litter is extremely thin. (Plate III.) When 50 years old the 
cover in such stands will often be so open that if the mineral soil is 
exposed, dense mats of seedlings appear during wet periods. In the 
Piedmont, where the undergrowth is heavy it may be necessary to cut 
the small broadleaf trees which have appeared. (Plate VIII, A.) In 
open stands the undergrowth is desirable for lessening the evaporation 
of soil moisture both by sun and wind. When logging is carried on 
during wet weather, particularly during the winter, enough mineral 
soil may be brought to the surface to make a suitable mineral seed- 
bed. On small tracts, a proper seedbed may be prepared by raking 
up the leaf litter and using it for farm purposes, such as compost, 
stable absorbent or mulch. This is frequently done, and while it is 
not intended for securing restocking, the latter follows as a natural 
consequence. On such sites, where a suitable mineral seedbed is 
found, reproduction of loblolly pine begins to take place by the time 
the stands are forty or fifty years old, although most of the seedlings die 
after a few years, since the shade of the old trees is still too dense. On 
the other hand, where the leaf litter is deep and has not been disturbed, 
young gro-Ri;h comes in slowly. This is well shown by stands at Grimes- 
land, Pitt County, North Carolina, examined in the spring of 1909. 
Loblolly pine had partially replaced longleaf pine on sandy-loam upland 
(N'orfolk loam). The tract, Avhich was near a dwelling, had been pro- 
tected from fire, and hogs had been excluded from it for more than 
twenty years. The leaf litter had accumulated to a depth of from six 
to eight inches. Although there were large openings, and the surround- 
ing loblolly pines bore seed abundantly, the stocking was not complete 
on account of the dryness of the thick leaf litter. On the other hand 
near-by open lands, on which the deep humus and litter had been de- 
stroyed by fire and hogs, were well stocked. It may be desirable in the 
case of farm forests to cut clean, cultivate the soil a few years until the 
humus is partially exhausted, and then restock. In such a case if 
there are no near-by seed trees it will be necessary to plant. 

While the destruction of litter on this type is desirable for securing 
restocking, it is not necessary as a protective measure for old timber. 
The ground cover rarely becomes sufficiently dense for a spring fire to 
endanger the stand. It is undesirable to destroy the humus on the clay 
soils of the Piedmont region for the reason that the water table is 30 to 
45 feet from the surface during dry periods. During the autumn the 
amount of available soil moistiire in the fine-grained clay soils is small 
on account of their high hygroscopicity. The humus covering, there- 
fore, acts as a protection against evaporation of soil moisture and should 
never be destroyed except when necessary to obtain natural reproduction. 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 151 

(2) Permanent or "Natural" Lohlolly Pine Type. 

Ou the so-called "natural" or permanent loblolly soils which occupy 
Quality 1 sites and some of the best Quality II sites, loblolly pine 
forms pure even-aged groups or stands. On such sites the pine is very 
tolerant of shade (Plate IV) and has a greater power of recuperation 
from suppression (Plate VIII, B), and a thrifty young stand is easily 
obtained in the partial shade resulting from the successive removal of 
trees in the old stand. The stand, therefore, lends itself to a diameter 
limit cutting. By such cutting the waste in cutting the slender inter- 
mediate trees (Plate XVII) is prevented and a greater profit in holding 
them for additional diameter growth is assured. On "natural" sites the 
mature stand may be removed by gradual cutting in two or more succes- 
sive fellings. The first removes the larger trees to a minimum diameter 
of from 14 to 16 inches, according to the quality site. The second, made 
from 10 to 20 years later, should remove the remaining timber, unless 
the small trees will still show sufficient increment to justify holding 
them for a third cut, which Avill often be the case. If the stand is more 
than 45 years old when the first felling is made, the intermediate and 
suppressed trees, since by that time they have passed the stage of most 
rapid height growth, can gain very little in height after lumbering. 

With logging operations costing $13 per 1,000 feet the maximum rate 
of interest (8 per cent) is obtained on Quality I site by clean cutting 
when the stand is 40 years old. The number of trees per acre 6 inches 
and over in diameter breasthigh in a stand at this age is 273, the aver- 
age diameter 11.4 inches, the average volume 98 board feet, and total 
yield 26,754 feet per acre by Doyle-Scribner rule; the average stumpage 
value per tree, 35 cents, or the total stumpage value per acre $94.05. In 
a normal stand at this age the average number of dominant trees is 
about 123, having an average diameter breasthigh of 13.2 inches, an 
average volume of 191 board feet, and an average log scale of 59 feet. 

If instead of cutting clean only the dominant trees are cut, the yield 
would be 23,400 board feet, having a Norfolk, Va., value of $17.16 per 
1,000 feet, or a stumpage value of $77.49 per acre, under an operating 
cost of $13 per 1,000 feet. The remaining portion of the stand above 
six inches in diameter, including the intermediate and suppressed trees, 
have an approximate stumpage value of $18.06 per acre. This value is 
made up of 150 trees, with an average volume of 54 board feet, an 
average diameter breasthigh of 9.1 inches, and a stumpage value of 
about 12 cents per tree. The examination of old cuttings indicates that 
in stands of Quality I the intermediate and suppressed trees, because of 
the improved light conditions and greater amount of soil moisture, 
made available by the removal of the dominant trees, will make almost 
as rapid growth in diameter as dominant trees of the same diameters. 
In 15 years they may, therefore, attain an average diameter breasthigh 



152 LOBLOLLY OK iS*ORTH CAROLINA FIXE. 

of 12.5 inches, an average volume of 128 board feet, or a total yield per 
acre of 19,200 board feet. Since, however, the value of the timber of 
the intermediate trees Avill be greater than that of the dominant trees 
of the same diameter, they will have an approximate value of $17.50 or 
$18.00 per 1,000 board feet at ISTorfolk, and a stumpage value of 55 
cents each, under an operating cost of $13, or a total stumpage value of 
$82.50 per acre. This amount represents the accunuilated compound in- 
terest for 15 years on the trees left for growth, plus the original invest- 
ment in these trees of $18.06. The original investment has thus yielded 
10.7 per cent compound interest as against 8.6 which would have been 
obtained by cutting clear at 40 years. Moreover, the average size log 
under gradual felling is much larger. By cutting clean at 40 years the 
average log is 34 feet. By making two fellings the average log of the 
first cutting is 89 feet; that of the second felling 40 feet. The average 
annual yield per acre by clean felling at 40 years is 669 board feet; by 
removing the timber in two cuts it is 775 board feet. In this calculation 
only the trees which were 6 inches and over in diameter at the time of 
the first cutting are considered. In addition there are many suppressed 
trees, which were less than 6 inches in diameter at the time of the first 
cutting. Many of these will have diameters of from 7 to 9 inches at the 
time of the second cut and will be merchantable in a third cutting. 
Since the crown cover of the stand will be only about one-half complete, 
even up to the time when the second felling is made, a thorough re- 
stocking will have taken place. Within 15 years after the felling the 
young stand which will have appeared should be from 30 to 50 feet in 
height, the two age-classes resembling a two-storied stand. In the sec- 
ond felling it is often possible to remove some of the largest trees in 
the young stand — those with coarse knots. The second felling in the 
old stand will have the same effect upon the young growth as that of a 
heavy .irregular thinning and improvement cutting. 

The successive removal of the larger trees was in vogue in cutting 
loblolly pine in eastern Virginia and North Carolina until after 1900. 
It was customary up to that date to cut to a stump diameter of from 14 
to 16 inches, which removed in the first cutting chiefly the dominant 
trees. After 1900 this method was superseded either by clean cutting, 
where the conditions justified it, or by reducing the diameter limit to 8 
or 10 inch on the stump. Gradual felling under present market con- 
ditions and methods of logging, seems best suited to pure stands of 
loblolly pine on good sites. In place, however, of merely cutting 
to a diameter limit or of removing only the dominant trees as was 
the custom and as was the method used in the example, only large trees, 
whose increment has begun to decline, should be removed in the first 
cutting. The amount of the first cut should be so adjusted as to equalize 
the two cuts, either in volume or in value, taking interest into consid- 
eration. It should be possible to obtain at the second cutting a large 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 153 

number of trees of relatively high grade. By uniform spacing to secure 
the fullest individual growth, trees of large diameters and yielding a 
valuable product could be obtained. (Table 78.) While not without 
drawbacks, this method of cutting has many advantages in its favor. 
The advantages and disadvantages of this method are as follows: 

1. The cut per acre which can be made at one time by a logging 
crew is less with two cuttings than with clean cutting. This, however, is 
fully compensated for by the larger size of the logs, resulting in 
cheaper logging and cheaper millwork. 

2. Logging the old trees in young stands is somewhat more costly 
than clean cutting. This, however, is again compensated for by the 
cleaning and thinning of the young growth. 

3. Some of the young trees are broken down by felling the larger 
trees. "With careful felling the damage is small, since the old sup- 
pressed and intermediate trees have very long, rather than wide-spread- 
ing, heavy crowns. 

4. The reduction in the volume which is cut per acre also increases 
the cost of railroad construction per 1,000 feet cut. This, however, is 
far more than met by the enhanced value of the product. In practice it 
should be easy to determine Avhether the increased value per 1,000 feet 
of the stand ^nll be greater or less than the increased cost of production 
per 1,000 feet. 

Since too many trees in the old stand will retard the height growth 
of near-by groups of young trees, the first cutting must be moderately 
heavy. The retarding of the dominant trees in the young stand, how- 
ever, is desirable since the trunk is freer of knots, the knots are smaller, 
and the proportion of high grade lumber is greater in dominant trees, 
particularly in the lower logs, when they are crowded. This system of 
cutting is one which has been satisfactory to the lumbermen for many 
years, and which helped to maintain the supply of loblolly piiie in the 
Norfolk (Va.), Albemarle Sound, Plymouth (N". C), and "Washing- 
ton (N. C.) sections. It has further the advantage of affording heavy 
cuttings at intervals of not more than twenty years and, therefore, 
should be practiced in place of clear cutting, Avhich makes logging pos- 
sible only at from 40 to 50 year intervals, and yields a lower grade of 
logs. In following gradual felling, however, the suppressed trees which 
are left for additional growth should not be relied upon for seed trees, 
but these should be reserved from the dominant part of the stand. These 
should be trees Avith the choicest stems and should be carried to large 
diameters, if their rate of growth is satisfactory, to furnish high grade 
veneer stock, or large size piling, or choice sawlogs which will yield 70 
per cent of ISTo. 1 and ^o. 2 lumber. 

The form of forest sought should be large even-aged blocks. In log- 
ging with railroad it is possible to thin one block when the adjoining 
block is being cut for larger timber. This makes thinnings possible and 
yet maintains the cut.. 



154 LOBLOLLY OR JS'OBTH CAROLIIS^A PINE. 

(3) Longhaf Pine Flat Lands. 

The first step in connection with the management of these lands should 
be to increase the density of the stands by protection against fire. 
(Plate VI, A.) At present on account of the irregularity of the stands 
only selection culling or cutting clean in small groups is possible. The 
diameter for cutting should be controlled as indicated in the discussion 
of the method of cutting in open pure uneven-aged stands. The method 
of cutting in large even-aged groups should be governed by the quality 
site. On best sites cutting to a diameter limit may be followed. On 
the dry sites the stands should be thinned in the manner described under 
thinnings, provided thinnings can be conducted without loss, the ob- 
ject of thinning being to develop the best formed dominant and the 
codominant trees, and the stands should be cut clean in one cutting or 
in two cuttings at intervals of 10 to 15 years. Some of the best de- 
veloped dominant trees should be left for seeding, unless mature and 
heavy groups are near enough to assure thorough stocking. The ulti- 
mate form of forest which should be sought should be large even-aged 
groups or blocks, varying in age by 15 to 20 years, confonning to the 
inten^al between cuttings. In man_y places there is already an excellent 
basis for this form and the present distribution of age classes enables it 
to be readily obtained. Seeding would take place from near-by mature 
groups or seed trees could be left. Under good management these lands 
are capable of yielding between 450 and 500 board feet a year. At 
present the yield is much less, probably not over 300 feet a year. 

On some of the medium dry sites with compact loamy, clayey, or silty 
soils having a low humifying or oxidizing capacity, the pine straw and 
leaf litter accumulates under heavy stands of timber to a depth of six 
to eight inches. This litter dries out so thoroughly during the autumn 
that seedlings, which were established on it during the damp spring, die. 
Consequently, it is necessary when the mineral soil has not been brought 
to the surface during lumbering or by hogs, to destroy the leaf litter 
immediately after or during lumbering, in order to expose the mineral 
soil sufficiently to secure restocking. 

(J^) Mixed With Hardivoods in Flat Swamps. 

The present manner of cutting this type removes all of the pine and 
the best trees of the more valuable hardwoods and leaves a large number 
of old defective and small trees, chiefly water gum, SAveet gum, and red 
maples. Many of these are suppressed trees which fail to recuperate and 
make additional height groAvth. They serve, however, largely as seed 
trees. The resultant forest is a young, even-aged stand fonned chiefly of 
red maple, water gum, and sweet gTim, but containing some pine over- 
topped by the trees which were left at the first cutting. It is an unde- 
sirable mixture on the whole, but a convenient form which permits con- 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 155 

version either into even-aged mixed stands or into group selection 
stands. Either of these is desirable. In the event of conversion into 
even-aged stands, the next cutting would be deferred until the young 
age class was large enough to be cut, at which time all trees except select 
seed trees would be cut. These seed trees, three to four to the acre, could 
remain uncut until the next felling period, when, if well selected, they 
would have attained large diameters and be extremely valuable. Large 
areas of even-aged stands, however, do not admit of thinnings, under 
present conditions, and consequently the best individual development 
of the tree is not obtained. 

A group selection form can be developed by felling the oldest age 
class before the younger class reaches merchantable size, by the removal 
of only a portion of the young growth, and cutting clean in groups as 
much as possible in order to establish even-aged groups. In this manner 
three or four age classes can be established, each occupying groups 
which might consist of only a few trees or might be an acre in extent. 
This is a very desirable form, since at the same time that the oldest age 
class is felled thinnings and cleanings could be conducted in the younger 
groups. This Avould enable the trees in each group to obtain the maxi- 
mum growth, and at the same time by means of cleanings to eradicate 
gradually the inferior species. The forest should be managed for the 
production of large sized oak, poplar, ash, and pine. 

Since the soil conditions are not perfectly uniform in these swamps, 
certain areas, often less than one-fourth of an acre in extent, are better 
adapted to the growth- of some species than of others. So far as is 
economically possible an attempt should be made to localize the species 
on the sites on which they make the heaviest yield, by leaving near-by 
seed trees of these species. The present complex mixture should also be 
converted into a more simple one by eliminating those species which are 
of least value, such as water gum, red maple, and beech. (Plate I.) 
The following species are the most valuable both silviculturally and for 
lumber, and preference should be given them in forming mixed stands 
on appropriate sites — loblolly pine, SAvamp chestnut oak, yellow poplar, 
ash, sweet gum, water oak, and elm. Except sweet gum and elm, these 
species are all rather intolerant of shade and require plenty of light for 
seedling establishment. 

(5) Loblolly Pine With Cypress in Deep Swamps. 

These stands of mixed cypress, pine, and black gum (Plate V, B) are 
logged either from canals, from streams, or from logging railroads by 
means of steam skidders and overhead, cable ways. Since there is a 
large breakage of small timber with this system of logging, it is recom- 
mended that clear cutting be practiced and that seed trees be left both of 
cypress and of pine. (Plate XXI.) The establishment of both species. 



156 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

however, takes place only during the drier seasons, consequently there 
is no assurance that they will ionxi a large part of the stand. Their 
yield and value is so much greater than that of the gum and water ash 
with which they are associated that management should look to eradi- 
cating or reducing these species and supplanting them with cypress and 
pine. 

(6) Loblolly Pine Witli Pocoson Pine on Savannas. 

The open stands of this type, which consists of scattered trees, require 
that the density be increased in order to utilize fully the soil. (Plate 
V, A.) Where the stands are open and the age classes are very irregular, 
selection cutting (culling) must continue at present. The diameter for 
cutting should be controlled as indicated in selection cutting in open 
stands in Qualities II and III. Old even-aged groups should be cut 
clean, leaving seed trees. There are numerous, though scattered, even- 
aged groups of young trees, and with these as nuclei a group selection 
form of forest should be developed. If the cutting interval is 20 years, 
these can eventually be merged into definite even-aged blocks, the age 
interval between them being 20 to 30 years. As these even-aged blocks 
mature they should he cut clean, the immature blocks being thinned 
during. each cutting. 

It is necessary to destroy moss during dry seasons since its accumula- 
tion retards aeration and renders the soil more acid, thus rendering it 
less suitable for loblolly pine Avhich has no visible mycorrhiza on its 
roots. It also prevents the establishment of loblolly pine seedlings on 
thick carpets of living sphagnum or on its raw humus, although the 
pocoson pine can establish itself. Likewise the heavy sod of grasses and 
herbaceous plants materially interferes at times with the establishment 
of seedlings, although the presence of water on these lands during the 
spring genninating period tends to limit their occupancy by loblolly 
pine. The mixture on these sites, should consist of longleaf , pocoson, and 
loblolly pines. These lands are capable of yielding from 300 to 350 
board feet a year in a rotation of 60 to 80 years, Avith cutting intervals 
of 20 to 25 years. At present the annual yield is less than 200 feet. 

(7) Lohlolly Pine With Shorthaf Pine and Hardwoods on Uplands. 

The forests of this type should be managed as selection, preferably as 
group selection stands. (Plate VII.) The loblolly pine should be cut 
when it is about 16 inches in diameter breasthigh and when not more 
than 70 years old. The trees will yield about 3 logs, the average log 
scaling about 55 feet. Although loblolly pine makes more rapid growth 
than shortleaf in this type it is not so desirable a tree as the latter on 
account of its coarse, knotty wood, except on lower slopes, where the 
moist soils are suited to its growth. The ideal mixture which should be 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XVIII. 




N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XIX. 




N. C. GEOLOGICAL AKD ECOXOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XX. 




fe o S g aj g- — 

— o S « 1-1 *i) — 

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S =3 O O g ^ 



C ^ C^ CO 



S -e 2 -2 



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= -t I i "^ I I 5 

a- -^ O! to a g a 2 

a- ;n '-' .5 — . j- 'J 

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r-i i " CJ "^ " ^ 






^ O '^ o SX-t-t 

.*J ^ O C 1* r- 






>> " X ^ 

5" -2 ^ 2 






N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXI. 




N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXII. 







""So 
1 TS 2 
I § S 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXIII. 




S 02 
P. t) 
^ >. 

CO d 

"S 2 
IE 



£ s 



n^c 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 157 

sought should be loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, yellow poplar, and south- 
ern red oak. In order to obtain restocking, it is necessary to bring the 
mineral soil to the surface, to cut heavily, and afford plenty of light. 

PROTECTION FRO.M FIRES. 

The greatest destruction of young timber in the loblolly pineries is 
caused by forest fires. The tendency of the pine is to seek open places 
where it secures full sunlight; these places are generally grassy, and if 
a ground fire occuTs before the pine is large enough to withstand it the 
young growth is injured or destroyed. The frequent fires on the heavy 
sod on the longleaf pine flat land and the pocoson pine savannas are 
responsible to a large extent for the open stands on such lands. (Plates 
V, A ; V, B ; VI, A ; XX and XXII.) The same is true of the grassy, 
peaty lands, and the logged-over swamp lands in which grass and short- 
lived shrubs have secured a foothold and which diy out sufficiently to 
burn. 

The difiiculties of checking a forest fire in this region during a dry 
season, when it is under headway before a wind, are evident. The avail- 
able force for fighting fire is limited; the areas are large and often 
difficult of access on account of undergrowth in the swamps. The most 
satisfactory way of reducing loss from forest fire is to prevent the fires 
from starting or from getting under headway. 

While some fires undoubtedly originate from lightning, which can not 
be prevented, the greater number start from one or another of the fol- 
lowing sources: 

(1) Locomotives, especially logging locomotives. 

(2) Logging crews or from logging camps. 

(3) Farm laborers, especially in the spring when new ground is 
being cleared, brush burned, or fence lines cleaned. 

(4) Burning dead grass on grazing land, from which the fire spreads 
to woodland, or burning the woodland for pasturage. 

(5) Hunters and fishermen. 

(6) Carelessness on the part of other persons. 

The fires from all these causes can be prevented or reduced in number 
through using greater care in handling fire in the forest, posting notices, 
and general education of the people to the losses from fires. 

The law of IN'orth Carolina in regard to setting fire to woodland, 
brush land or gi-ass land, reads as follows : 

Section 8 of Chapter 2'f3, Public Laics of 1915. — If any person shall inten- 
tionally set fire to any grass land, brush land, or woodland, except it be his 
own property, or in that case without first giving notice to all persons own- 
ing or in charge of lands adjoining the land intended to be fired, and also 
taking care to watch such fire while burning and taking effectual care to 
extinguish such fire before it shall reach any lands near to or adjoining 
the lands so fired, he shall for every such offense be guilty of a misdemeanor 
and shall be fined not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars, or 
imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. This shall not prevent action for 
damages sustained by the owner of any property from such fires. 



158 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

In the portions of the State whore this hnv lias been publicly posted 
and arrests and prosecutions made under its provisions, it has had the 
effect of greatly lessening the number of fires from carelessness. 

(7) In addition, o\\Tiers should require persons wishing to hunt, 
especially to hunt at night with torch, to obtain a permit, with the 
understanding that the services of the holder of the permit shall be 
available for fighting fire without pay. 

(8) 'No grazing should be permitted on land Avhich was burned that 
season. 

The most satisfactory way to protect forest land from outside fires is 
to burn in the fall, as soon as the leaves have fallen and are sufficiently 
dry, a strip 100 feet wide around the area to be protected. Sometimes it 
is sufficient to plow only several furrows around the area or two furrows 
100 feet apart and burn the intervening strip. (Plate XVIII.) 

It is essential to protect all young pine trees from fire until they are 
from 20 to 30 feet high and their stems are well cleaned for 10 or 15 
feet. (Plate IV.) This means a period of from 10 to 15 years after 
lumbering and restocking. Areas containing young growth should be 
surrounded by fire lines, kept clear by annual burning during damp 
weather. During very dry weather it is advisable to patrol large bodies 
of well established young growth, if at all exposed to fire, l^eighborhood 
associations should be formed in sections of counties where the damage 
from fire is great, and these associations assume the responsibility of 
protection. The members can issue permits for grazing and night hunt- 
ing on their lands, prohibiting during the year the use of areas which 
have been burned for these purposes, appoint patrols during dry, windy 
seasons and organize forces for fighting fires in ease one starts. 

BRUSH LOPPING. 

Wherever clean cutting is practiced and seed trees left, or where cut- 
ting is done to a diameter limit and only small trees are left, it is desir- 
able tliat the branches be lopped from the tops in order to reduce the 
danger from fire. The lopped branches lie close to the earth and soon 
decay. Tops Avhich are unlopped may remain a fire menace for many 
years. (Plate XIX.) Lopping is not necessary on very wet lands or 
Avhere pine is mixed with hardwoods, unless cutting is clean and the 
amount of slash is large. Lopping without burning is generally suf- 
ficient; only in exceptional cases is it necessary to burn the slash. 
Whether it should be piled before burning depends upon the conditions, 
but piling is generally advisable. No slash should be left touching seed 
trees or groups of young trees. Damp weather without wind should be 
selected for burning. There should always be an ample force on hand 
to look after the fire. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXIV. 




Crown cover of loblolly pine. Quality I stand, 70 years old. Its density is noteworthy. 

(Author's illustration.) 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXV. 




Crown cover of loblolly pine. Quality III stand in old field, age 50 years. The complete 
isolation of the crowns is characteristic. Groups of seedlings are beginning to estab- 
lish themselves under such a canopy. (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA FIXE. 159 

THINXIXGS. 

Thinnings are made in crowded even-aged stands in order to concen- 
trate the productive power of the soil in a few best trees, accelerate their 
growth, and in this way shorten the time necessary for them to reach 
maturity. Since only the smaller or defective large trees are removed, 
the mature stand eventually consists of large well-developed trees. In 
the natural process of thinning the elimination of the weaker specimens 
takes place too slowly for the best development of the stand. (Plates 
IV; XVII; XXVII.) In the struggle for light and food both the sup- 
pressed and dominant trees suffer. A certain amount of crowding, how- 
ever, is necessary, particularly during the period of rapid height growth, 
to develop long straight stems reasonably free from knots in the lower 
logs. (Plate XVII.) Thinnings, therefore, should Be light during 
the period of rapid growth in height, and should be largely limited to 
removing the knottiest trees. After the clear length of stem, however, 
has been developed (see Table 15) thinnings should be heavy in order to 
favor the rapid development in diameter of individual stems, the diame- 
ter of the tree has an important influence; not only on the amount of 
material in it but also on the high value of the lumber which is ob- 
tained from it. (See page 120, and Tables 59 to 64, and 71.) It is 
commonly held that when the larger trees are removed as they come to 
merchantable size, the smaller trees left will begin to grow fast. Such 
a thinning may be of benefit to the stand, but not to the same extent 
as thinnings of the small trees; by thinning the small trees not only a 
larger amount, but a higher quality is secured. 

It has already been noted (page 42) that loblolly pine exhibits with 
age a progressive increase in its light requirements and a corresponding 
decline in its capacity to endure crown compression. (Plates IV; XI.) 
This decline is especially marked on the dryer sites. (Plates III, and 
XXV.) On good sites one effect of this characteristic is that in middle- 
aged stands, 50 to 75 years, the suppressed and intermediate trees and 
even such codominant trees as have endured prolonged crown compres- 
sion lose their capacity to recover rapidly or even at all after their 
crowns are freed ; on dry sites this inertness of the dominated classes 
extends to much younger trees. The relative tolerance which the domi- 
nant trees of different diameters and on different quality sites exhibit 
as expressed by the demands of the crown for light, is shown numeri- 
cally by the index of tolerance (Table 78) which is the ratio of the sur- 
face of the crown space to the area of the surface of the stem of the tree 
inside the bark. (Plates XXIV; XXV; XXVI; XXVII.) 

On account of its comparative intolerance of shade the natural thin- 



160 LOBLOLLY OK NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

ning which takes place in stands is rapid as is shown by the decrease iu 
the number of trees per acre (Table 42). (Plates IV; XI; XV.) 
Stands of loblolly pine consequently are less benefited by artificial thin- 
ning than those of such species as endure more crowding and in which 
the struggle of the individual trees for supremacy is more prolonged. 
Stands of this species on good sites (moist soil) are most responsive to 
thinning (Plate IV) ; those on dry sites are less responsive (Plate III). 
On very Avet soils thinnings increase but little the growth of the remain- 
ing trees and for this reason are hardly justifiable. 

Since tbe power of recuperation of the intermediate and suppressed 
trees decreases with the age of the stands and with the length of the 
period of overcrowding, thinnings in old .stands which have never been 
previously thinned, must be entirely limited to the subordinate classes. 
In young stands which are thinned when not more than 25 or 30 years 
old, many dominant trees can be removed, since the codominant and 
intermediate trees of these ages still retain great recuperative power 
(Plate IX, A), have approximately the same height as dominant trees, 
and straighter, clearer, and better formed stems (Plate XVII). Such 
a thinning constitutes a combined thinning and improvement 'cutting. 
A thinning of the dominant trees at this age will remove stems with 
coarse knots which would saw out a large amount of low grade lumber, 
even after they attained large diameters. (Plate XVI.) It also has 
the advantage of yielding some sawlog timber, thus making cutting at an 
early age remunerative. On the poorer, and particularly, on the drier, 
sites, subsequent thinnings should be made only with the object of forc- 
ing the development in diameter of the largest and choicest of the trees 
in the stand. The smaller trees which are crowding the better trees, 
which are to form the final stand, should be removed^ Thinnings should 
be repeated, dependent upon their severity, at intervals of from 5 to 15 
years. Frequent and light thinnings are preferable to heavy ones made 
at long intei'vals. The number of trees per acre on the different quality 
sites decreases in natural stands at different rates in accordance with 
the age of the stand (Table 42). This rate may serve as a guide in 
making thinnings at any age. Thinnings are less effective when the 
first one is deferred until the stand is 40 or more years old. 

Artificial thinnings should be heavier than natural thinnings, but never 
so heavy as to leave large openings on all sides of the best trees selected 
for the final stand. The trees which are removed in older stands should 
be in the intermediate and codominant crown classes. The openings 
which are made by removals should be closed before the time of the next 
thinning in order to secure some lateral crowding and the clearing of the 
stems of branches before they become too stout and horizontal. Since the 
development of knots li/i inches in diameter causes a reduction in grade. 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXVI. 




Crowu cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns small but stems clean. 
Stand crowded, in urgent need of thinning to develop larger crowns. (Author's 
illustration.) 



N. C. GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. 



PLATE XXVII. 




Crown cover of loblolly pine, Quality II, age 35 years. Crowns well developed and sym- 
metrical. Excellent condition for rapid individual growth. (Author's illustration.) 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 161 

sufficient density should be maintained to prevent the development of 
limbs which would make knots of this size on the lower three logs on 
Quality I and the lower two logs on Qualities II and III. The sup- 
pressed trees need not be removed. They make small demand upon soil 
moisture, yet serve a very useful purpose on account of their low crowns 
in shading the soil and lessening drying winds. This is particularly 
applicable to very dry clay sites; less so to very sandy sites. When 
the mature stand is fully developed, it can be removed in one cutting 
or in several cuttings made at short intervals. 

I^otwithstanding that the pure even-aged stands of loblolly pine offer 
unexcelled inducements for thinnings made for the purpose of acceler- 
ating the growth of the individual tree, no adequate data are available, 
either as the result of experience in commercial forests or in experi- 
mental plots which show the preferable manner in which thinnings 
should be executed, their cost or their effects upon the yield of the stand. 
It is believed that by proper thinning the rate of diameter gi-owth of 
all trees in a stand can be stimulated well beyond that given in Table 71 
for dominant trees. There would not be as many trees per acre on such 
thinned stands as there are in the dominant class of crowded stands 
(Table 42), but the larger volume per tree and the larger amount of 
saw timber would more than compensate for the smaller number of 
trees. A stand containing 6,000 cubic feet per acre in 60 trees, each of 
which will yield 560 board feet (Tables 19 and 21) or 36,000 feet per 
acre is far more valuable than one containing 6,000 cubic feet formed 
of 100 trees, each containing 300 board feet and yielding 31,000 feet per 
acre, l^ot only is the cost of operation less, there being 50 per cent 
more logs to handle in the stand containing the larger number of trees, 
but in addition to the larger yield per acre the stumpage of the larger 
trees is intrinsically more valuable per unit on account of the larger 
proportion of wide stock and high grades it will yield. (Pages 119 
to 127.) 

It is possible however to determine approximately the results upon 
yield of very intensive thinnings by means of data obtained from fully 
stocked unthinned stands. Certain trees in such stands on account of 
the fact that they are less crowded and have more growing space have 
outstripped all others "both in height and diameter. These are the pre- 
dominant trees which constitute in the normal unthinned fully stocked 
stand from one-fifth to one-fourth of the number of dominant trees. 
Xot only have they larger diameters than the other dominant trees but 
they are also taller. The wide range of diameters of trees in interme- 
diate and dominant crown classes which enter into the crown cover 
is shown in Table 1. Had the density of the more crowded portions of 
the stand been reduced so that the spacing of all the trees equaled that 
of those of the favored predominant class there would have been fewer 

11 



J 62 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



trees in the stand but their individual growth should have equaled that 
of the predominant trees. Careful measurements have been made to 
determine the area of the optimum crown space required for the growth 
of dominant trees of different diameters (at different ages) on different 
quality sites. Table 78 gives the crown space of dominant trees and 
the distance between trees, while in Table 79 is given the number of 
.such trees of different diameters which would occupy an acre without 
retarding accretion. 



Table 78. — Crown Space, Distance Between Trees and Index of Tolerance of Dominant 
Trees of Loblolly Pine of Different Diameters on Different Quality Sites. 





Quality 


Dia- 
meter 
breast- 


I 


II 


III 


high 
Inches 


Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 


Distance 

between 

trees 

Feet 


Index 

of 
toler- 
ance 


Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 


Distance 

between 

trees 

Feet 


Index 

of 
toler- 
ance 


Crown 
space 

Sq. 
feet 


Distance 

between 

trees 

Feet 


Index 

of 
toler- 
ance 


8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 


82 
108 
137 
167 
200 
235 
279 
329 
366 
409 
453 
501 
553 
605 
659 
733 
920 


10 
12 
13 
15 
16 
17 
19 
20 
22 
23 
24 
25 
27 
28 
29 
31 
34 


7.2 
7.2 
7.3 
7.4 
7.5 
7.6 
7.8 
7.9 
8.1 
8.4 
8.7 
9.0 
9.4 
9.9 
10.4 
11.0 
11.5 


102 
137 
170 
210 
240 
296 
345 
396 
450 
506 
563 
622 
680 
742 
802 


11 
13 
15 
16 
17 
19 
21 
22 
24 
25 
27 
28 
29 
31 
32 


8.6 

8.7 
8.9 
9.1 
9.3 
9.5 
9.8 
10.2 
10.6 
11.1 
11.6 
12.1 
12.7 
13.3 
13.9 


115 
152 
194 
242 
296 
355 
415 
474 
532 
590 
648 
710 
780 


12 
14 
16 
18 
19 
21 
23 
25 
26 
27 
29 
30 
32 


11.1 
11.3 
11.4 
11.7 
11.9 
12.2 
12.6 
13.0 
13.4 
13.9 
14.4 
■ 15.0 
15.6 


22 






23 






24 










1 















The trees which enter into the crown cover can be so thinned as to 
give each tree the optimum crown space required for that diameter: if 
the crown space is less than the optimum (Plate XXVII), although 
there are more trees per acre, the accretion of the individual tree is 
retarded; if it exceeds the optimum the stand is understocked. (Plate 
VI, A.) 

Table 79, to show yield of thinned stand and yield of thinnings, gives 
the average diameter of the predominant trees in stands of different 
ages on different quality sites; the number of such trees which could 
occupy an acre as determined by the areas of their crown spaces; the 
total yield of such stands, and the yield of the trees removed in thin- 
ning ; the full value of the entire stand at different ages, and the value of 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 163 

the trees removed in thiiinings. In fixing stumpage values for the trees 
in the younger stands a deduction has been made from the values given 
in Tables 59 to 64 to allow for the difference in age. It is believed, how- 
ever, that the stumpage in thinned stands at all ages after the first thin- 
ning will be more valuable than that in unthinned stands of the same 
age if, as recommended, the roughest dominant trees are removed in the 
preliminary thinning and improvement cutting leaving as the basis for 
the ultimate mature stand the clean stemmed intermediate and codomi- 
nant trees. (Plates XVI; XVII.) On account of the high cost of 
making thinnings the stumpage value of the trees removed in making 
them has been placed at $2 per 1,000 board feet less than the stumpage 
value of the timber in the entire stand. 



16-i 



LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAROLINA PINE. 





AKKrcgate 

value of 

stand and 

thinnings 


m 


H 




Z 









o 

.S <«'0 
.2 "^-S 



> (3 



oo 



S fl 13 "" 
02 >■ -5 






>s> a 







C3 


a 


13 


., , 




a 
















>^ 












03 


X! 





^Oft 



o S 

oils ■§ 
> S o S fl 





o o o o o o o 
o c o o o o o 

to S tJ! o S •«> ■>)< 




O O O O O O 1 
O C O O O O ] 

^ .^}< ift IC CO -^ « 

^« « « t^ o I 




O O O O O O 1 
O O O O O O 1 

o to co_ •* cj_ >a<_ 1 
U5 cT oo" l>." O O 1 




o o o o o o o 
o o o o o o o 

C3 t^ CO ^H lO 00 t^ 

CO 00 "^ W5 t^ oo 05 

»H (M CO -"K ■»«< 




S 2.75 
3.50 
5.00 
6.75 
9.25 
11.00 
11.50 


22,400 
25,000 
31,200 
37,200 
40,600 
44,400 
43,200 




O 00 O c^ 00 o o 

00 -H cc r^ o -^ -^ 

T-H C<l CO lO t^ C3 




O b- CO O O O CO 
oo rt CO O 00 CD -W 
(N M -1 rH 




10.5 
12.0 

15.0 
17.6 
19.8 
23.0 
25.3 




lO o o o o o o 

<N CO -W lO O 00 O 





o o o o o o 
o o o o o o 

O CI CO CO CO *- 




o o o o o 1 

O O C O O ] 

M Ol N IM C5 1 
« CO ■>»< J 




o o o o o 1 
o o o o o ] 

lo lo ■ai' in" tJ' 1 




o o o o o o 
es o cs o o o 

O CO to CO 00 1^ 

■^ r^ o o CO »o 

T-H M C^ CO 


l-H 

"cS 


O O O O lO o 
lO CD kO m t^ O 

eq CO ■* w 00 o 


3 


o o o o o o 
o o o o o o 

(M .* T)< « «^ t^ 

CO o CO r-T o io 

r-1 Cq <N (N CO CO 




00 CD CI lO CO O 

CO CJ O O Cq "5 

•-1 (M M ■* CD 




00 IM m IM C-» U5 

CO CO ,-t OS t-.- lO 
(N >-i -H 




10.4 
12.6 
14.7 
16.5 
18.8 
•21.8 




o o o o o o 

CO ■* lO CO 00 o 





o 


o 


o 


o 


o 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 






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c: 


















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■91 


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rsi 


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(M 






















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t... 


















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E5 
:3 to 



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S .S -S 3 '^ 
g C C3 C3 o 

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inte 
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pa <! > 








w 3 -S 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 165 

By comparing the values of the thinned stands in Table 79 with those 
given for unthinned stands in Table 71 it is seen that thinnings increase 
the value of the stands on Qualities I and II. The values of Quality 
III stands, however, are reduced. This shows as has been pointed out 
in a previous paper* that "the chief value of the thinnings in the older 
stands on dry soils is to save the tree which would be lost by dying. 
There would be comparatively little accelerated growth on this quality 
for natural thinning takes place so rapidly that there is no prolonged 
crowding to retard the diameter increment of the dominant trees." 
Thinnings, however, add greatly to the value of the stands on good sites, 
and if the value of the material saved in the thinnings is taken into con- 
sideration they are probably profitable on all sites except the very wet. 
(Table 79, last column.) 

It should be understood, however, that the theoretical yields for 
thinned stands which are given in Table 79 are obtainable only under 
ideal conditions of equal spacing which could not be realized in practice. 
The crown space for each tree can not be progressively increased to meet 
its requirements; some trees or some sides of certain trees will at times 
invariably be crowded ; while on account of the removal of large interven- 
ing crowns some other trees will have too much space. In practice it is 
possible to be guided only in a general way by the distance between adja- 
cent trees, or by the number of trees per acre. The real guide at all times 
of what trees to remove and how heavily to thin must be the interference 
of crowns (Plates XI, XI Y, XV, XVI, XXVII) and the less promis- 
ing trees must be removed here and there where the conditions allow it 
to be done without making extremely large openings in the crown cover. 
(Plate XXII.) 

Mere thinnings can seldom be made on large tracts which are managed 
for the production of sawmill timber and require the building of rail- 
roads for profitable logging. (Page 137.) Loblolly pine occupies, how- 
ever, in pure, even-aged stands a large area of fann forest in thickly 
settled communities, either near towns or near factories which assure a 
continuous market for cordwood. Such conditions not only render thin- 
nings possible and profitable for their influence upon the development of 
the mature stand, but in many cases will be financially profitable by 
themselves. The farmer, however, can profitably apply intensive meth- 
ods of management, which are impossible on large tracts. Under certain 
conditions thinnings can undoubtedly also be made in stands managed 
for the production of timber for pulp, stave, crate, and heading stock; 
or for the production of timber for these uses in connection with the pro- 
duction of large sized timber for saw logs. 

The gradual felling of the larger trees in the even aged loblolly pine 
stands which has been recommended (pages 151 and following) as a 

♦Management of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines, Proc. Soc. Am. Foresters, 1910, Page 97. 



166 LOBLOLLY OB NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

tentative method of cutting, that will result in larger yields than clean 
cutting, is not thinning. It has the effect of freeing the smaller trees 
which on certain sites are stimulated into accelerated growth, but the 
ultimate results are very different from those obtained by thinning. 
Under gradual felling the merchantable trees are removed while yet of 
medium diameter in order to obtain early cuttings. The object of thin- 
nings is to obtain timber of large diameters; the removal of the main 
stand consequently is deferred. 

ARTIFICIAL RESTOCKING. 

Gathering of Seed. 

Seed should be collected in September or early in October before 
heavy frosts have opened the cones. (Plate II.) The cones are fre- 
quently still green in September but if the seed are firm they will germi- 
nate. Cones can be secured from trees which are being cut where lum- 
bering is in progress, and should be taken fi-om dominant, thrifty, mid- 
dle-aged, or older trees rather than from young trees or from codominant 
or suppressed ones, since not only is the percentage of sound seed higher 
from such trees but it is genetically undesirable that the specimens of 
poorest growth should be the source of seed. Not less than 50 per cent 
of fresh seed from such trees should be germinable. The cones after 
sunning until they begin to open should be placed in sacks or loose 
barrels in a dry but well ventilated building until they are fully 
open, when the seed can be flailed out. To prevent the seed from 
mildewing, the sacks or barrels should be occasionally turned, or the 
cones can be stored in shallow trays with bottoms of slats or wire net- 
ting, the trays being on racks in an airy chamber so as to secure ven- 
tilation. 

The seed are flattened, about 1/4 i^ch long, nearly black, and are 
attached to a shining brown wing % inch long. There are about 20,000 
cleaned seed to a pound. The price per pound usually varies from $1.50 
when bought directly from collectors, to $2.50 if bought from dealers. 
The collection of seed should be profitable. It is estimated that two 
bushels of unopened cones will yield a pound of seed. 

Seedbeds. 

Seedbeds should be prepared in fertile, loamy, or mellow soil, prefer- 
ably on a rather moist site. The soil is best prepared by cultivating 
several times during the year preceding planting. The Aveed seed can 
be killed by burning the soil as is done in preparing tobacco beds. Beds 
are usually made 4 or 5 feet wide, the rows being located across the 
bed. The seed should be planted in February or March, or, near the 
coast, early in autumn, about 1/4 i^ch deep in thin rows about 8 inches 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 167 

apart. A pound of seed is sufficient to plant 300 feet of drill. The 
seeds sprout^ in a few weeks and the seedlings should be from 8 to 12 
inches high by the end of the first season, when they should be perma- 
nently planted. If the bed is located on moist soil or where it receives 
partial shade, as in a' small clearing in the forest, no shading will be 
required. On very dry soil it will be desirable to shade lightly by a 
screen made of slats or boughs on a frame 2 or 3 feet above the seedbed. 
If the bed is located in the forest a deep trench should be dug around 
it to prevent the roots of nearby trees from draining it of moisture. A 
liberal application of ashes to the seedbed two or three weeks before 
planting and well worked in makes the plants more thrifty and stockier 
and gives a more compact and better developed root system. The soil 
of the seedbed must not be wet, since this may lead to "damping off" 
of the plants when very young. This is a disease caused by a fungus 
which may attack and destroy the stem if plants are over-crowded in 
seedbeds although so far it has not been known to attack loblolly pine. 

Planting. 

Loblolly pine reproduces only from seed. Plantations can be started 
either by young plants or by direct seeding. Direct seeding is cheaper 
and under most conditions is more satisfactory on account of the diffi- 
culty of transplanting the young pines. It is desirable to use plants 
only on land which is very foul and on which young seedlings might be 
smothered. One-year-old wild seedling plants can be used in place 
of nursery grown stock. Planting should be done during late winter or 
early in the spring. Fall planting, except on wet soils, is not advisable. 
Planting is most quickly done by two persons, one making the holes 
with a mattock, the other carrying the plants in a box strapped over the 
left shoulder. The plant is held upright in the hole with one hand; 
the roots are spread out with the other; the earth is drawn up to the 
plant with the foot and firmly pressed around it on both sides with the 
feet. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the roots of the plants 
in the box from drying out; they should, therefore, be kept all the 
time covered Avith a thick wet cloth. It is preferable to puddle the roots 
on lifting the plants from the seedbed by dipping them in a thick mud, 
so as to coat them thoroughly. On the better soils planting can well be 
made 6 by 6 feet; on the poorer, 5 by 5 feet. When the condition of 
the surface will permit it, furrows can be laid off with a plow the 
desired distance apart, and one man can plant in these furrows without 
assistance. On account of the rapidity of its growth it would seldom 
be necessary to cultivate a plantation unless on dry and heavy clay soils. 

Direct Seeding. 

On account of the large proportion of sound seed, the ease of germina- 
tion and the hardiness and rapidity of growth of the young plant, direct 
seeding succeeds remarkably well. This can be either broadcast sowing 
or by seed spot planting. 



168 LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAROLINA PIXE. 

Broadcast sowing should be made early in March. If the surface is 
very foul Txith weeds or brush, the larger brush should be cut with axes 
or brush hooks in strips early in winter and piled in windrows against 
living brush. In early spring, when thoroughly dry, it should be 
burned clean and the seed sown after the first rain. From three to four 
pounds of seed per acre are required for direct seeding without covering. 
If there is a heavy sod, it can be burnt and the ground harrowed with 
a disk or tooth harrow before seeding and the seed covered with a 
weeder after seeding two or three pounds of seed per acre. On plowed 
ground seed should be broadcast at the rate of II/2 to 2 pounds to the 
acre and covered with a weeder. It is desirable to mix the seed with 
one-half bushel of slacked ashes or earth, as is done with turnip seed, in 
order to secure a uniform distribution. 

Seed spot sowing requires less seed than broadcast. Droppings can be 
done either like com or peas at places 4 by 4 feet, or furrows can be 
laid off four feet apart, the seed dropped at distances of 4 feet in the 
furrows and lightly covered % to ^/^ inch with earth. The soil can be 
either j^lowed or unploAved. Plowing is seldom justified. On smooth, 
clean, sandy land where there are few bushes, stumps, or little sod, it is 
possible to plant with a horse corn or pea-planter, such as the Cole com- 
bination planter. A plate with one small hole can be used which will 
drop several seed every 4 feet. The seed should be thoroughly mixed 
with dry ashes. It is necessary to adjust plow point and coverer so that 
the seed are covered the necessary depth. On rough soil a hand corn- 
planter can be used, adjusted for the small pine seed. If planting is 
done by hand the soil should be loosened with a mattock for 6 inches 
square and to a depth of 3 to 5 inches and from 10 to 15 seed should 
be dropped in each spot and covered not more than one-half inch. 
From one to two pounds of seed is ample for seed spot planting. On 
most portions of the sandy longleaf pine lands the conditions permit the 
use of a planter. Since from 3 to 6 acres of land can be planted in 
a day by this means, the planting of these lands in loblolly pine, at a 
total cost of planting of $2 to $3 an acre, would be, with adequate pro- 
tection from fire, advisable from an investment standpoint. It is nec- 
essary in all plantations to furnish absolute protection against fire. 

AdvisahilitTj of Lohlolly Pine Planting, 

At the present prices of pine stumpage it is possible to grow loblolly 
pine in plantations profitably in places where land of good growing 
capacity can be purchased cheaply. Plantations should never be made 
on land which naturally stocks in pine, since in such a case the cost of 
planting adds unnecessary expense, l^either should it be undertaken on 
land which has a value greater than $10 an acre. If the land has a 
value of $10 an acre and a producing capacity equal to that of upland 
old fields of good quality, about Quality Site IT, and the cost of seed spot 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 



169 



planting, including seed and labor, does not exceed $3 an acre, the cost 
of growing 1,000 board feet of timber under an interest rate of 6 per 
cent a year, in an untbinned stand, is as shown in Table 80. 



Table 80.— Cost Per 1,000 Board Feet of Growing Loblolly Pine in Plantations. 

Quality II. 



Age of 
stand 

Years 


Accumulated costs on an 

initial investment of $13 

an acre, interest at 6 per 

cent a year, less the 

value of the land 


Yield of stand in 
board feet 


Cost of growing 

stumpage per 1,000 

board feet 


Value (Jan. 1913) per 

1,000 feet B. M., of 

stumpage based on 

Quality II, operating 

cost $13 per 1,000 


30 
35 
40 
45 


$ 64.62 
89.84 
123.77 
168.88 


16,000 
21,850 
26,850 
30,850 


$ 4.04 
4.10 
4.58 
5.45 


S 2.50 
2.60 
2.85 
3.20 



Plantations can be made consequently with an initial investment of 
$13 an acre Avith the expectation of netting at least 5 per cent, com- 
pounded, provided there is an increase of $1.50 per 1,000 feet in the 
price of stumpage in a stand at 35 years; an increase of $1.75 in a 
stand at 40 years old, and an increase of $2.25 in a stand at 45 years. 
The increase of $1.50 in 35 years is less than % of one per cent a year 
on the present value of stumpage per 1,000 feet. The cost of growing 
on other quality sites can be easily calculated by means of Table 38. 
The present value of stumpage can be approximated from Tables 59 to 
64. Tn case stands are thinned the cost of growing is affected as shown 
in Table 79. 



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Laney, 1910. 8°, 137 pp., 23 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. 

22. A Report on the Cid Mining District, Davidson County, N. C, by J. E. 
Pogue, Jr., 1911. 8°, 144 pp., 22 pi., 5 figs. Postage 15 cents. 

23. Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina, by J. S. Holmes 1911. 
8°, 115 pp., 8 pi. Postage 15 cents. 



172 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

24. Loblolly or North Carolina Pine, by W. W. Ashe, Forest Inspector, U. S. 
Forest Service (and former Forester of the North Carolina Geological and 
Economic Survey). Pepared in Cooperation with the Forest Service, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, 1914. 8°, 176 pp., 27 plates, 5 figs. Postage 
10 cents. 

ECONOMIC PAPERS. 

1. The Maple sugar Industry in Western North Carolina, by W. W. Ashe, 
1897. 8"*, 34 pp. Postage 2 cents. 

2. Recent Road Legislation in North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of 
print. 

3. Talc and Pyrophyllite Deposits in North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 
1900. 8°, 29 pp., 2 maps. Postage 2 cents. 

4. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1900, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1901. 8°, 36 pp., and map. Postage 2 cents. 

Takes up in some detail Occurrences of GoU, Silver, Lead and Zinc, Copper, Iron Mangan- 
ese, Corundum, Granite, Mica, Talc, Pyrophyllite, Graphite, Kaolin, Gem Minerals, Monazite, 
Tungsten, Building Stones, and Coal in North Carolina. 

5. Road Laws of North Carolina, by J. A. Holmes. Out of print. 

6. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1901, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1902. 8°, 102 pp. Postage 4 cents. 

Gives a List of Minerals found in North Carolina: describes the Treatment of Sulphuret 
Gold Ores, giving localities; takes up the Occurrence of Copper in the Virgilina, Gold Hill, 
and Ore Knob districts; gives Occurrence and Uses of Corundum; a List of Garnets, describ- 
ing Localities; the Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Uses and Localities of Mica; the Occur- 
rence of North Carolina Feldspar, with Analyses ; an extended description of North Carolina 
Gems and Gem Minerals; Occurrences of Monazite, Barytes, Ocher; describes and gives Oc- 
currences of Graphite and Coal; describes and gives Occurrences of Building Stones, including 
Limestone; describes and gives Uses for the various forms of Clay; and under the head of 
"Other Economic Minerals," describes and gives Occurrences of Chromite, Asbestos and Zircon. 

7. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1902, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 
1903. 8°, 27 pp. Oiit of print. 

8. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1903, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1904. 8°, 74 pp. Postage 4 cents. 

Gives descriptions of Mines worked for Gold in 1903 ; descriptions of Properties woi'ked for 
Copper during 1903, together with assay of ore from Twin-Edwards Mine; Analyses of Limon- 
ite ore from Wilson Sline; the Occurrence of Tin; in some detail the Occurrences of Abrasives; 
Occurrences of Monazite and Zircon; Occurrences and Varieties of Graphite, giving Methods 
of Cleaning; Occurrences of Marble and other forms of Limestone; Analyses of Kaolin from 
Barber Creek, Jackson County, North Carolina. 

9. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1904, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1905. 8°, 95 pp. Postage k cents. 

Gives Mines Producing Gold and Silver during 1903 and 1904 and Sources of the Gold 
Produced during 1904; describes the mineral Chromite, giving Analyses of Selected Samples 
of Chromite from Mines in Yancey County; describes Commercial Varieties of Mica, giving the 
manner in which it occurs in North Carolina, Percentage of Mica in the Dikes, Methods of 
Mining, Associated Minerals, Localities, Uses; describes the mineral Barytes, giving Method of 
Cleaning and Preparing Barytes for Market; describes the use of Monazite as used in connec- 
tion with the Preparation of the Bunsen Burner, and goes into the use of Zircon in connection 
with the Nernst Lamp, giving a List of the Principal Yttrium Minerals; describes the minerals 
containing Corundum Gems, Hiddenite and Other Gem Minerals, and gives New Occurrences 
of these Gems ; describes the mineral Graphite and gives new Uses for same. 

10. Oyster Culture in North Carolina, by Robert E. Coker, 1905. 8°, 39 pp. 
Out of print. 

11. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1905, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1906. 8°, 95 pp. Postage 4 cents. 

Describes the mineral Cobalt and the principal minerals that contain Cobalt; Corundum 
Localities; Monazite and Zircon in considerable detail, giving Analyses of Thorianite; describes 
Tantalum Minerals and gives description of the Tantalum Lamp; gives brief description of 
Peat Deposits; the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick; Operations of Concentrating Plant in 
Black Sand Investigations; gives Laws Relating to Mines, Coal Mines, Mining, Mineral Inter- 
est in Land, Phosphate Rock, Marl Beds. 

12. Investigations Relative to the Shad Fisheries of North Carolina, by 
John N. Cobb, 1906. 8°, 74 pp., 8 maps. Postage 6 cents. 

13. Report of Committee on Fisheries in North Carolina. Compiled by 
Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1906. 8°, 78 pp. Out of print. 

14. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1906, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1907. 8°, 144 pp., 20 pi., and 5 figs. Postage 10 cents. 

Under the head of "Recent Changes in Gold Mining in North Carolina," gives methods of 
mining, describing Log Washers, Square Sets, Cyanide Plants, etc., and detailed descriptions 



LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE, 173 

of Gold Deposits and Mines are eiven; Copper Deposits of Swain County are described; Mica 
Deposits of western North Carolina are described, giving distribution and General Character, 
General Geology, Occurrence, Associated Minerals, Mining and Treatment of Mica, Origin, 
together with a description of many of the mines; Monazite is taken up in considerable detail 
as to Location and Occurrence, Geology, including classes of Rocks, Age, Associations, Weath- 
ering, method of Mining and Cleaning, description of Monazite in Original Matrix. 

15. The Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1907, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, 1908. 8°, 176 pp., 13 pi., and 4 figs. Postage 15 cents. 

Takes up in detail the Copper of the Gold Hill Copper District; a description of the Uses 
of Monazite and its Associated Minerals; descriptions of Ruby, Emerald, Beryl, Hiddenite, and 
Amethyst Localities; a detailed description with Analyses of the Principal Mineral Springs of 
North Carolina ; a description of the Peat Formations in North Carolina, together with a de- 
tailed account of the Uses of Peat and the Results of an Experiment Conducted by the United 
States Geological Survey on Peat from Elizabeth City, North Carolina. 

16. Report of Convention called by Governor R. B. Glenn to Investigate the 
Fishing Industries in North Carolina, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State 
Geologist, 1908. 8°, 45 pp. Out of print. 

17. Proceedings of Drainage Convention held at New Bern, North Carolina, 
September 9, 1908. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1908. 8°, 94 pp. Out of 
print. 

18. Proceedings of Second Annual Drainage Convention held at New Bern, 
North Carolina, November 11 and 12, 1909, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 
and containing North Carolina Drainage Law, 1909. 8°, 50 pp. Out of print. 

19. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1909, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 

1910. 8°, 52 pp., 9 pi. OiU of print. 

20. Wood-using Industries of North Carolina, by Roger E. Simmons, under 
the direction of J. S. Holmes and H. S. Sackett, 1910. 8°, 74 pp., 6 pi. 
Postage 7 cents. 

21. Proceedings of the Third Annual Drainage Convention, held under 
Auspices of the North Carolina Drainage Association; and the North Carolina 
Drainage Law (codified). Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 67 pp., 
3 pi. Out of print. 

22. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1910, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 

1911. 8°, 48 pp. Out of print. 

23. Mining Industry in North Carolina During 1908, '09, and '10, by Joseph 
Hyde Pratt and Miss H. M. Berry, 1911. 8°, 134 pp., 1 pi., 27 figs. Postage 
10 cents. 

Gives report on Virgilina Copper District of North Carolina and Virginia, by F. B. Laney; 
Detailed report on Mica Deposits of North Carolina, by Douglas B. Sterrett; Detailed report 
on Monazite, by Douglas B. Sterrett; Reports on various Gem Minerals, by Douglas B. Ster- 
rett; Information and Analyses concerning certain Mineral Springs; Extract from Chance 
Report of the Dan River and Deep River Coal Fields; Some notes on the Peat Industry, by 
Professor Charles A. Davis; Extract from report of Arthur Keith on the Nantahala Marble; 
Description of the manufacture of Sand-lime Brick. 

24. Fishing Industry of North Carolina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, 1911. 8°, 44 
pp. Out of print. 

25. Proceedings of Second Annual Convention of the North Carolina For- 
estry Association, held at Raleigh, North Carolina, February 21, 1912. Forest 
Fires in North Carolina During 1911. Suggested Forestry Legislation. Com- 
piled by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1912. 8°, 71 pp. Postage 5 cents. 

26. Proceedings of Fourth Annual Drainage Convention, held at Elizabeth 
City, North Carolina, November 15 and 16, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, State Geologist, 1912, 8°, 45 pp. Postage 3 cents. 

27. Highway Work in North Carolina, containing a Statistical Report of 
Road Work during 1911 by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss 
H. M. Berry, Secretary, 1912. 8°, 145 pp., 11 figs. Postage 10 cents. 

28. Culverts and Small Bridges for Country Roads in North Carolina, by 
C. R. Thomas and T, F. Hickerson, 1912. 8°, 56 pp., 14 figs., 20 pi. Postage 
10 cents. 

29. Report of the Fisheries Convention held at New Bern, N. C, December 
13, 1911, compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, together with a 
Compendium of the Stenographic Notes of the Meetings Held on the Two 
trips taken by the Legislative Fish Committee Appointed by the General As- 



174 LOBLOLLY OK XORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

sembly of 1909, and the Legislation Recommended by this Committee, 1912. 
8°, 302 pp. Postage 15 cents. 

30. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the North Carolina Good 
Roads Association held at Charlotte, N. C, August 1 and 2, 1912, in Coopera- 
tion with the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. Compiled 
by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary, 
1912. 8°, 109 pp. Postage 10 cents. 

31. Proceedings of Fifth Annual Drainage Convention held at Raleigh, 
N. C, November 26 and 27, 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State 
Geologist. 8°, 56 pp., 6 pi. Postage 5 cents. 

32. Public Roads are Public Necessities, by Joseph Hyde Pratt, State 
Geologist, 1913. 8°, 62 pp. Postage 5 cents. 

33. Forest Fires In North Carolina during 1912 and National and Associa- 
tion Cooperative Fire Control, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1913. 8°, 63 pp. 
Postage 5 cents. 

34. Mining Industry in North Carolina during 1911-12, by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, State Geologist, 1914. 8°, 314 pp., 23 pi., 12 figs. Postage 30 cents. 

Gives detailed report on Gold Mining in various counties with special report on Metal- 
lurgical Processes used at the Tola Mine, by Claud Hafer; description of a Cyanide Mill, 
by Percy Barbour; The new Milling Process for treating North Carolina Siliceous Gold Ores 
at the Montgomery Mine, including a description of the Uwarrie Mining Company's Plant; 
notes on the Carter Mine, Montgomery County, by Claud Hafer; also a description of the 
Howie Mine and its mill; a detailed report on the Coggins (Appalachian) Gold Mine, by 
Joseph Hyde Pratt; a list of gems and gem minerals occurring in the United States; s-pecial 
descriptions of Localities where the Amethyst, Beryl, Emerald, and Quartz Gems Occur as 
taken from United States Geological Survey Report by Douglas B. Sterrett ; a report on the 
Dan River Coal Field, by R. W. Stone, as reprinted from Bulletin 471-B of the United States 
Geological Survey; a special report on Graphite, by Edson S. Bastin and reprinted from Min- 
eral Resources of United States for 1912; a special report on Asbestos describing both the 
Amphibole and Chrysotile varieties; a report on the Mount Airy Granite Quarry; special report 
on Sand and Gravel, giving Uses, Definitions of Various Sands, etc. ; the portion of a Bulletin 
on Feldspar and Kaolin of the United States Bureau of Mines, which relates to North Carolina, 
and which takes up in detail Occurrences, Methods of Mining, and Descriptions of Localities 
of Feldspar and Kaolin mines in North Carolina, prepared by Mr. A. S. Watts. In this Eco- 
nomic Paper are also given the names and addresses of Producers of the various minerals 
during the years covered by the report. 

35. Good Roads Days, November 5th and 6th, 1913, compiled by Joseph 
Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 102 pp., 
11 pi. Postage 10 cents. 

36. Proceedings of the North Carolina Good Roads Association, held at 
Morehead City, N. C, July 31st and August 1st, 1913. In Cooperation with the 
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey. — Statistical Report of 
Highway Work in North Carolina during 1912. Compiled by Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, State Geologist, and Miss H. M. Berry, Secretary. 8°, 127 pp., 7 figs. 
Postage 10 cents. 

37. Forest Fires in North Carolina During 1913 and a Summary of State 
Forest Fire Prevention in the United States, by J. S. Holmes, Forester, 1914. 
8°, 82 pp. Postage S cents. 

38. Forms covering the Organization of Drainage Districts under the North 
Carolina Drainage Law, Chapter 442, Public Laws of 1909, and Amendments. 
And Forms for Minutes of Board of Drainage Commissioners covering the 
Organization of the Board up to and Including the Issuing of the Drainage 
Bonds. Compiled by Geo. R. Boyd, Drainage Engineer, 1914. 8°, 133 pp. 
Postage 10 cents. 

39. Proceedings of the Good Roads Institute held at the University of North 
Carolina, March 17-19, 1914. Held under the auspices of the Departments of 
Civil and Highway Engineering of the University of North Carolina and 
The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1914. 8°, 117 pp., 
15 figs., 4 pi. Postage 10 cents. 

VOLUMES. 

Vol. I. Corundum and the Basic Magnesian Rocks in Western North Caro- 
lina, by Joseph Hyde Pratt and J. Volney Lewis, 1905. 8°, 464 pp., 44 pi., 
35 figs. Postage 32 cents. Cloth-hoiind copy 30 cents extra. 

Vol. II. Fishes of North Carolina, by H. M. Smith, 1907. 8°, 453 pp., 21 
pi., 188 figs. Postage 30 cents. 



LOBLOLLY OR NOKTH CAROLIiSrA PINE. 175 

Vol. III. The Coastal Plain Deposits of North Carolina, by William Bullock 
Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, L. W. Stephenson, B. L. Johnson and Horatio N. 
Parker, 1912. 8°, 509 pp., 62 pi., 21 figs. Postage S5 cents. 

Pt. I. — The Physiography and Geology of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by Wm. 
Bullock Clark, Benjamin L. Miller, and L. W. Stephenson. 

Pt. II. — The Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, by L. W. Steph- 
enson and B. L. Johnson. 

Vol. IV. Birds of North Carolina. In press. 

BIENNIAL BEPOBTS. 

First Biennial Report, 1891-1892, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1893. 8°, 
111 pp., 12 pi., 2 figs. Postage 6 cents. 

Administrative report, giving Object and Organization of the Survey; Investigations of 
Iron Ores, Building Stone, Geological Work in Coastal Plain Region, including supplies of 
drinking waters in eastern counties. Report on Forests and Forest Products, Coal and Marble, 
Investigations of Diamond Drill 

Biennial Report 1893-1894, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1894. 8" 15 pp. 
Postage 1 cent. 

Administrative report 

Biennial Report, 1895-1896, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1896. 8°, 17 pp. 
Postage 1 cent. 

Administrative report. 

Biennial Report, 1897-1898, J. A. Holmes, State Geologst, 1898. 8°, 28 pp. 
Postage 2 cents. 

Administrative report. 

Biennial Report, 1899-1900, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1900. 8°, 20 pp. 
Postage 2 cents. 

Administrative report. 

Biennial Report 1901-1902, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1902. 8°, 15 pp. 
Postage 1 cent. 

Administrative report. 

Biennial Report, 1903-1904, J. A. Holmes, State Geologist, 1905. 8°, 32 pp. 
Postage 2 cents. 

Administrative report. 

Biennial Report, 1905-1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1907. 8°, 60 
pp. Postage 3 cents. 

Administrative report; report on certain swamp lands belonging to the State, by W. W. 
Ashe; it also gives certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations. 

Biennial Report, 1907-1908, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1908. 8°. 
60 pp., 2 pi. Postage 5 cents. 

Administrative report. Contains Special Report on an examination of the Sand Banks 
along the North Carolina Coast, by Jay F. Bond, Forest Assistant, United States Forest Serv- 
ice; certain magnetic observations at North Carolina stations; Results of an Investigation 
Relating to Clam Cultivation, by Howard E. Enders of Purdue University. 

Biennial Report 1909-1910, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1911. 8°, 
152 pp. Postage 10 cents. 

Administrative rpport, and contains Agreements for Cooperation in Statistical Work, and 
Topographical and Traverse Mapping Work with the United States Geological Survey; Forest 
Work with the United States Department of Agriculture (Forest Service) ; List of Topo- 
graphic maps of North Carolina and counties partly or wholly topographically mapped; de- 
scription of special Highways in North Carolina; suggested Road Legislation; list of Drainage 
Districts and Results of Third Annual Drainage Convention: Forestry reports relating to 
Connolly Tract. Buncombe County and Transylvania County State Farms; certain Watersheds; 
Reforestation of Cntover and Abandoned Farm Lands on the Woodlands of the Salem Acad- 
emy and College; Recommendations for the Artificial Regeneration of Longleaf Pine at Pine- 
hurst; Act regulating the use of and for the Protection of Meridian Monuments and Standards 
of Measure at the several county seats of North Carolina; list of Magnetic Declinations at the 
county seats, January 1, 1910; letter of Fish Commissioner of the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries relating to the conditions of the North Carolina fish industries; report of the Survey 
for the North Carolina Fish Commission referring to dutch or pound-net fishing in Albemarle 
and Croatan sounds and Chowan River, by Gilbert T. Rude, of the United States Coast and 
Geodetic Survey; Historical Sketch of the several North Carolina Geological Surveys, with 
list of publications of each. 

Biennial Report, 1911-1912, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1913. 8°, 
118 pp. Postage 7 cents. 

Administrative report, and contains reports on method of construction and estimate of cost 
of road improvement in Stantonsburg Township, Wilson County; report on road conditions in 
Lee County; report on preliminary location of section of Spartanburg-Hendersonville Highway 



^-s 



176 LOBLOLLY OR NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

between Trvon and Tuxedo; report of road work done by U. S. Office of Public Roads during 
biennial period; experiments with glutrin on the sand-clay road; report on Central Highway, 
giving Act establishing and report of trip over this Highway; suggested road legislation; 
report on the Asheville Citv watershed; report on the Struan property at Arden, Buncombe 
County; report on the woodlands on the farm of Dr. J. W. Kilgore, Iredell County; report on 
examination of the woodlands on the Berrj- place, Orange County; report on the forest prop- 
erty of Miss Julia A. Thorne, Asheboro, Randolph County; report on the examination of the 
forest lands of the Butters Lumber Company, Columbus County; proposed forestry legislation; 
swamp lands and drainage, giving drainage districts; suggested drainage legislation; proposed 
Fisheries Commission bill. 

Biennial Report, 1913-1914, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist, 1915. 8°, 
190 pp. Postage l-'t cents. 

Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the oflBce of the 
Geological and Economic Survey for identification, and the same will be clas- 
sified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that no assays oe 
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS WILL BE MADE. Samples should be in a lump 
form if possible, and marked plainly on outside of package with name of 
sender, postoffice address, etc.; a letter should accompany sample and stamp 
should be enclosed for reply. 



These publications are mailed to libraries and to individuals who may 
desire information on any of the special subjects named, free of charge, except 
that in each case applicants for the reports should forward the amount of 
postage needed, as indicated above, for mailing the bulletins desired, to the 
State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. C. 



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